英文毕业论文汇总十篇
时间：2023-01-02 19:49:15
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篇（1）
在毕业论文中有着起到非常重要作用的就是毕业论文致谢了，那么你们知道毕业论文致谢英文应该怎么撰写吗？下面是学术参考网小编为朋友们搜集整理的毕业论文致谢英文，希望可以帮到你~
Acknowledgements
MydeepestgratitudegoesfirstandforemosttoProfessoraaa，mysupervisor，forherconstantencouragementandguidance.Shehaswalkedmethroughallthestagesofthewritingofthisthesis.Withoutherconsistentandilluminatinginstruction，thisthesiscouldnothavereacheditspresentform.
Second，IwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetoProfessoraaa，wholedmeintotheworldoftranslation.IamalsogreatlyindebtedtotheprofessorsandteachersattheDepartmentofEnglish：Professordddd，Professorssss，whohaveinstructedandhelpedmealotinthepasttwoyears.
Lastmythankswouldgotomybelovedfamilyfortheirlovingconsiderationsandgreatconfidenceinmeallthroughtheseyears.Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriendsandmyfellowclassmateswhogavemetheirhelpandtimeinlisteningtomeandhelpingmeworkoutmyproblemsduringthedifficultcourseofthethesis
篇（2）
Itisasignificantandunforgettableexperienceformetospendsuchalongtimeonwriting，modifyingandpolishingthisthesis.Manykind-heartedpeoplegivemeagreatamountofhelp，professionaladviceandencouragement.Thus，hereIwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetothem.
Firstofall，IwillshowmysincerethankstomysupervisorProfessorJiaAiwuwhohasgivenmeinvaluableguidanceandconstantsupportandencouragementthroughoutthewholeprocesses.DuringmystudyofEnglisheducationinthistwoahalfyearsandthewittingofthisthesis，shehasalwaysbeengeneroustooffermeusefulsuggestions，answermyquestionanddiscussresearchquestionswithme.Herdetailguidanceandhelpfulcommentsonmythesisencouragemetoovercomedifficultiesandthinkmorecriticallyduringtheprocessesofwriting.
Secondly，IwillalsoexpressmysinceregratitudetootherprofessorandteacherswhohadgivemeconstructivesuggestiontomythesisandthankstothemforinstructingmetoconstructmyknowledgeinEnglishteachinginthepasttwoandahalfyears.
Thirdly，Iwanttothankallmyaffectionateclassmatesandfriends.Duringthetwoahalfyears'studyandthewritingofthisthesis，theyhavegivenmealotofsupportandencouragementintheirownways.
Atlast，Iwillgivethedeepestgratitudetomyfamilyfortheirregretlesssupportandlovetome.
论文致谢二：
Firstandforemost，Iwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetomysupervisor，ProfessorJiaAiwu.Ihavebenefitedtremendouslyfromhercriticalthinkingandinsightfulviewpoint.Throughhispatientinstruction，Ifinallyfocusedontheobjectstudiedinthisthesis，andobtainedvaluableadviceonaspectsrangingfromframeworkconstructinganddatacollectiontoelaboratedanalysis.
Secondly，I'mprofuselygratefultomyrespectedpredecessorsandteachers.
Withouttheirprecioussuggestions，Icouldnothavecomethisfarinthisthesis.
Moreover，Iowemythankstomyfamilyandfriends，whohavealwayssupportedmewiththeirgenerousencouragementsandpraises.
Lastbutnotleast，Isincerelythankmyfellowclassmates.Wesharejoysandanxieties，whichpropelsusforwardtogetherthroughoutthearduousjourney.
论文致谢三：
Theaccomplishmentofthisthesishascoveredhalfayear，sexperimentandanotherhalfayear'sanalysis.Itcannotbedeniedthatwholeprocessisquitetough.Despitealltheproblemsduringresearchandlimitations，thethesisfinallycomesintobeing.However，thiscannotbeachievedwithoutthehelpofmanypeople.
Firstandforemost，Iwouldliketogivemysinceregratitudetomydistinguishedandrespectablesupervisor，Prof.QiYuanfang，forhisall-alongsupportsduringnotonlytheresearchprocess，butthewholepost-graduateyear.Heistheonewhogivesmeinspirationofthethesistopic，enlightensmeempiricalmethodhelpsmeconductteachingexperiment，andinstructsmeanalyzingapproaches.Ihavetosaythatthisthesisisbornfromhisinsightfulinstructionsandwarmencouragement.
Secondly，IalsoownmyappreciationtoProf，Gongrongwhogivesmealotofinspiration，insightfuladviceandinstructions.
Andalso，thisthesiscannotbeaccomplishedwithoutteachersofForeignLanguagesSchoolwhoimpartknowledgetomeandclassmateswhooffermehelp.
Lastbutnotleast，Iwouldliketoextendmythankstothestudentsparticipatinginthisresearchfortheirpatientcorporation.
论文致谢四：
IwouldliketodedicatemypapertoallthosewhohaveofferedmetremendousassistanceduringthethreeyearsinZhejiangUniversityofFinanceandEconomics.
Firstofall，myheartiestthanksflowtomysupervisor，ProfessorCaoDaogen，forhishelpfulguidance，valuablesuggestionsandconstantencouragementbothinmystudyandinmylife.Hisprofoundinsightandaccuratenessaboutmypapertaughtmesomuchthattheyareengravedonmyheart.Heprovidedmewithbeneficialhelpandofferedmepreciouscommentsduringthewholeprocessofmywriting，withoutwhichthepaperwouldnotbewhatitisnow.
Also，Iwouldliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetoalltheprofessorswhohavetaughtmeinthisuniversitythatgreatlybroadenedmyhorizonandenrichedmyknowledgeinmystudy.Theirinspirationalandconscientiousteachinghaveprovidedmewithafirmbasisforthecomposingofthispaperandwillalwaysbeofgreatvaluetomyfutureacademicresearch.
Mythanksalsogotothescholarswhosemonographsandacademicpapershaveenlightenedmeinthewritingofthispaper.
Finally，Iwouldliketoextendmydeepgratefulnesstomyfamilyandfriends，especiallymythreeroommates，ChenLinghua，GongShaandHuangJin，whoseencouragementandsupporthavemademyaccomplishmentspossible.
论文致谢五：
ThisthesiswouldnotcomeintobeingifIhadnotreceivedhelpfrommysupervisor，teachers，classmates，andfamily.Theyofferedmesomuchencouragement，withoutwhichIcouldhavealreadygivenup.ButbeforeIexpressmysincerestgratitudetothem，IwouldthankmyGod.ItwasalwaysHewhofirstcametohelpmewhenmyfaithwasinfluencedbyBlake'sunorthodoxtheologicalthinking.AgainitwasHewhogavemewisdomandpatiencetodowhateverIdidforhisglory.
“Whateveryourhandfindstodo，doitwithallyourmight.”(NIV，Ecclesiastes9：10)AndhereistheprayerwhenIwasinthevalleyofdespair：“MaythefavoroftheLordourGodrestuponus；establishtheworkofourhandsforus-yes，establishtheworkofourhands.”(Psalm91：17)ItisHisfaithfulnessandunfailinglovethaturgedmetowritethethesiswithallmymight.
MysupervisorXuXiaodongdidoffermesomuchhelpthatIfeelsogratefultohim.Hehaslentmeoverthirtyvaluablemonographs，biographies，anthologies，andcollectionsofessays.Nearlyallofthebookswereboughtfromabroadathisownexpense.Hisferventloveforliterature，hisrelentlesspursuitofknowledge，andhismeticulousattitudetowardsresearchmanifestthepersonalitiesandqualitiesIshouldcultivateasaqualifiedscholar.WheneverIsenthimanarticlehealwaysgavemeprecioussuggestionsthatreallyimprovedmycriticalthinkingalot.FormanytimesIfailedtokeepmypromise，heforgavemeandkeptencouragingmetopursuemystudies.Igivemymostgenuinelygratitudetohimforhisgeneroushelp.
Besidesmysupervisor，Ihavebenefitedfrommanyotherteachers.Prof.ZhangRuwen，Prof.YiJianhong，Prof.JiangYuebin，SunJiurongandWeiLina，theyhavetaughtmemanycriticalapproachesandbroadenedthescopeofmyknowledgeinvariousfieldsofliterature.Moreover，Iwouldliketoextendmygratitudetomyclassmatesandroommates.Theytaughtmehowtobalancestudyandrest.Ialsothankmyfamily，especiallymysister，whocametomyschoolmanytimestovisitme.
篇（3）
1.0 前言
近15年，体裁（genre）和体裁分析（genre analysis）成为第一语言和第二语言教学领域里的热门话题（Hyon 1996）。我国不少专家、学者都试图把这种理论应用在具有特定交际目的的篇章上，如分析农业英语论文摘要（易兴霞，2006），分析应用语言学领域学术文章的宏观和微观结构（杨瑞英，2006）毕业论文模板，分析商务促销类语篇（王宏俐, 郭继荣，2006）等。本文拟从Bhatia的英文促销信的体裁分析模式入手，分析主要交际目的为说服潜在客户购买商家所提供的产品或接受其服务的英文促销信的表现形式，图式结构和特殊信息，并通过分析语义的文化预设和搭配意义，加深对促销信的语言表面特征的认识。
2.0理论依据
2.1体裁
语言学中的体裁（genre）不同于文学中的体裁。Swales (1990: 45-58) 认为体裁是在特定社会文化背景下对人类交际事件进行分类的结果。所谓交际事件就是人们按照特定目的和特定程式运用语言在社会中办事的实例。新加坡的Bhatia (1993:13-16)在 Swales的体裁理论基础上做了进一步的完善, 认为:1)体裁是一种可辨认的交际事件;2)体裁不是一般的交际事件 ,而是一种内部结构特征鲜明,高度约定俗成的交际事件;3)在建构语篇时 ,必须遵循某种特定体裁所要求的惯例;4)尽管体裁有其惯例和制约性, 内行人仍可在体裁规定内传达个人意图和交际目的。因此交际目的往往决定应该使用哪种体裁，而体裁的常规性又维我们提供了可以遵循的体裁结构潜势。
2.2体裁分析
体裁分析是20 世纪90 年代由Swales (1990)和Bhatia (1993)发展起来的一种分析方法。他们认为任何体裁都是由一系列的语轮构成，语步(move)和步骤( step)是语篇分析的出发点论文开题报告范文。Swales的层次动向法（move approach）常用在具体的体裁分析中，即根据不同的交际目的，对某一语篇按照意义与功能划出层次，然后再根据层次来考察分析语言的表达形式。Swales 没有对语步和步骤提出明确的定义,但Nwogu (1997)认为语步是一个由一系列词汇,主题意义和修辞特征所标明的具有统一意义倾向的语篇片断，步骤是实现语步的可供选择的修辞策略，一个语步可以由一个或多个步骤来实现。例如毕业论文模板，Bhatia (1993:62)根据体裁“ 语步 (moves) 和步骤( steps)”分析理论，将推销体裁概括成七个 “语步” (move) :1. Establishing credentials (确立资格证明) ; 2. Introducing the offer (介绍推销内容)：⑴offering the product orservice (介绍产品或服务) ,⑵ Essential detailing of the offer (介绍推销内容的重要细节) , ⑶Indicating value of the offer (指明推销内容的价值) ; 3. Offering incentives (激励购买) ; 4.Enclosing documents (附寄文件) ; 5. Soliciting response(请求回复) ; 6. Using pressure tactics (采用压力策略) ; 7. Ending politely (礼貌收尾)。在以上七个“语步” 中 ,第二语步 Introducing the offer 又是由三个步骤(step)组成的。
体裁分析模式为语篇研究提供了新的考察视角与方式。使用体裁和体裁分析理论对某个特定语篇进行分析，是对语篇宏观结构和微观结构分析的有机结合，既注重语篇结构的宏观结构和认知结构，也注重特定的体裁结构在词汇和语法层面的特定表现。
3.0体裁分析在英文促销信中的应用
3.1促销信的体裁界定
促销信是商务英语中常见的一种语篇，它是以书信的格式由促销人员向顾客传递商品或服务的存在及其性能、特征等信息，帮助顾客认识商品或服务所带来的利益，从而达到引起顾客的注意和兴趣、唤起需求、采取购买行为的目的。因此它的本质是销售者和消费者之间的信息沟通，主要交际目的就是通过向消费者的宣传、诱导和提示，促进消费者产生购买动机，影响消费者的购买行为，实现产品由生产领域向消费领域的转移。这样的交际目的决定收信人和写信人通常为并不熟悉的双方，因此语言上谦虚有礼、简洁明晰是必不可少的。
3.2 促销信的内在宏观结构
一封成功的促销信在内在结构上 ,基本遵循Bhatia 的七个 “语步”的模式 ,通过吸引客户的注意、向客户详细介绍所推销的产品或服务并索求回复等语篇片断来实现说服潜在客户购买所推销产品或服务的交际目的。下面我们从Bhatia的英文促销信的体裁分析模式入手毕业论文模板，来具体讨论促销信的层次动向。。
Dear customer,
⑴Theunion bakers would like to announce a great offer this Valentine day. Every two kg cakeyou buy you get raffle ticket which allows you to enter into a draw which willgive you a chance to win a dinner for two at a three star hotel. You can have awonderful dinner with your loved one on the eve of Valentine’s Day.
⑵ Thebakers will arrange for the pickup and drop to the venue and you can enjoy thedinner along with the dance party at the three star hotels.
⑶Don’tyou think it will be fun to take your girlfriend or boyfriend out for dinner ona valentine’s day and make the day a special one? Imagine all that fun you havewith your loved one with tasty cuisine and exciting and thrilling dance party.To top it all you can meet famous singer and dancer who is the guest of honorthat day.
⑷Visitany of our outlets to get more information. Hurry and buy a wonderful tastycake for your loved one.
⑸Sincethe offer is valid till (time how long).please act now.
⑹Sincerely,
这封促销信由五段组成，第一段的第一句是第一个语步: Establishing credentials (确立资格证明),通过提及在情人节要提供的一项服务来吸引顾客的注意力；第一段的第二句到第三段是第二个语步：Introducing the offer (介绍推销内容)。第二个语步由三个步骤组成：⑴offering the product or service (介绍产品或服务) ,⑵ Essentialdetailing of the offer (介绍推销内容的重要细节) , ⑶Indicating value of the offer (指明推销内容的价值) 。第一段的第二句是第一个步骤，主要介绍了即将推出的服务——每买两公斤蛋糕就能抽签，就有机会赢得在三星级宾馆的两人晚宴；第一段的第三句和第二段是第二个步骤，详细介绍推销服务的细节——情人节前夕在三星级宾馆和挚爱共进晚餐、共舞；第三段是第三个步骤，主要指出推销服务的精神价值——使情人节过得特别，并能遇到明星。第二个语步是促销信最为重要的部分，决定能否帮助顾客认识商品或服务所带来的利益，从而达到引起顾客的注意和兴趣、唤起需求、最终采取购买行为的目的。第四段是第三、四个语步：Offering incentives (激励购买)和Soliciting response(请求回复)。第四段第一句是请求顾客做出回复——到销售点寻求更多信息；第二句是鼓励有购买倾向的顾客下定决心。第五段是第五个语步：Using pressure tactics (采用压力策略)，Sincerely和签名是第六个语步：Ending politely (礼貌收尾)，作为传统信件独特的结尾方式，这一语步在促销信中也很常见。
与Bhatia的七个语步模式略有不同的是：这封促销信并没有Enclosing documents (附寄文件)这一语步；而且Offeringincentives (激励购 买)和Soliciting response(请求回复)的顺序也有所不同。王宏俐, 郭继荣(2006)认为，在语篇构建中常使用的语步是核心语步毕业论文模板，不太出现的辅语步是外围语步，在促销信中，第一、二、四语步是核心语步，由于Enclosing documents (附寄文件)这一语步是外围语步，销售者可根据情况决定是否使用；至于语步顺序，尽管促销信是专门用途英语里的一种，有其惯例和制约性，但我们仍可在体裁规定内传达个人意图和交际目的论文开题报告范文。
3.3 促销信的文化预设和搭配意义
这实际是一封是以西方文化为背景的抽奖促销信。促销信的最主要部分——第二语步也是以这个文化预设为先决条件的。销售者想要促销的商品是蛋糕，但在促销信里，抽奖有可能赢得情人节的晚餐却是描述的重点，这主要是商家抓住了顾客消费过程中的侥幸获大利心理——以抽奖赢得与挚爱在情人节共进免费晚餐的机会，设置中奖机会，利用抽奖的形式毕业论文模板，来吸引消费者购买商品蛋糕。令人心动的抽奖活动成功地把顾客的注意力指向拉到了本应大力宣传的产品——蛋糕上面。如果收信人不了解这个文化预设，就不容易达到促销信的交际目的。
Leech（1981:17）认为：搭配意义是指一个词与另一个词连用搭配时使得该词的意义随语境而发生的变化。因此促销信在词的搭配上非常注意。促销信使用的形容词大多是描述性和评价性的，多为褒义词，例如：great, wonderful, special, tasty, exciting, thrilling, famous,wonderful, 这些形容词为收信人勾勒出一幅浪漫、激情、美味的晚餐情景。尽管这是一封书信，但口语词汇多余书面语词汇，浅显易懂、简洁明晰。销售者为了推销商品或者服务，常常直接使用反问疑问句和祈使句，增强引导功能，说服或敦促收信人采取购买行动。
3.4 总结
体裁分析超越了对语篇语言特征的简单描述,力求解释语篇的理据, 探讨语篇结构背后的社会文化因素和心理认知因素, 揭示实现交际背景的特殊方式和语篇结构的规范性。促销信具是专门用途英语的一种，把促销信这一体裁语篇看作是一个有规律的有结构的层次动向的组合的思想, 有助于我们更好地理解这种信函体裁，写出目的明确、结构清晰、用词准确的促销信。
参考文献：
1.Hyon, Sunny. Genre in Three Traditions:Implications for ESL [J]. TESOL Quarterly, 30/ 4 :693-722, 1996.
2.易兴霞.体裁分析与农业英语论文摘要[J]. 西安外国语学院学报，2006(9):28-31.
3.杨瑞英.体裁分析的应用：应用语言学学术文章结构分析[J]. 外语与外语教学，2006(10):29-34.
4.王宏俐,郭继荣.体裁分析与商务促销类语篇[J]. 外语教学，2006(7): 32-37.
5.Swales, J. M. Genre Analysis: English inAcademic and Research Settings [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
6.Bhatia, V. K. Analyzing Genre: Language Usein Professional Settings [M]. London: Longman, 1993.
7.Nwogu, K. N. The Medical Research Paper: Structureand Function [J]. English for Specific Purposes, 199 16 (2): 119-138.
篇（4）
1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students 1
1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home 2
1.4 The significance of the study 2
2. Literature Review 4
2.1 Definition of learning strategies 4
2.2 Classification of learning strategies 5
2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies 6
2.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies 8
3. The methodology 10
3.1 The subjects 10
3.2 Instruments 10
3.3 Data collection 11
3.4 Data analysis 11
4. Results and discussion 16
4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies 16
4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. 16
4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors 17
5. Conclusion 19
Acknowledgements 20
References 21
Appendices 23
1. Introduction
In this part, four sections are included. There are background of this study, the current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students, overview of the Internet development in China and the significance of the study.
1.1 Background of this study
With the fast development of society and the increasing openness to the world, the demands to communicate in English have been expanded to a large degree. College students are required to have a good competence in speaking before entering the society. But the fact is that the actual competence of college students in speaking is far from being satisfactory. It is necessary for us to improve the awareness of using strategies.
In the field of language learning and teaching over the last few decades, a prominent shift has taken place, resulting in great emphasis on learners and learning rather than teachers and teaching. The study of learning strategies has seen an “explosion of activity”. [1]105 In recent years although the history of research into speaking learning strategies is not very long, the study on speaking learning strategies can provide students with valuable suggestions on how to improve oral English in terms of accuracy, fluency, and complexity. Almost 15 researchers abroad have studied on speaking learning strategies. In China, Huang Xiaohua and Chen Sijin have done a great contribution to studies on speaking leaning strategies.
Nowadays, the development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks have deeply influenced people’s life, also the language study. However, there are still few researches on the web-based speaking learning strategies. The thesis attempts to make a study on web-based speaking learning strategies.
1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students
In China, the teaching of English as a foreign language has been greatly influenced by the traditional education system. The traditional way still pay much attention to the examinations in schools, including colleges and universities either, rather than the application of language. Linguistic form is always the focus of both textbooks and language tests. Besides, under this model, one teacher is always in charge of many students in one class, so the teacher becomes the center of the class and there is little chance for the students to practice oral English. The English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-imparting” process and the English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-receiving’ process. Therefore, there is a misleading that English learners are regarded as passive recipients and do not need any initiative.
According to the investigation by Shi in 2000, college graduates who have strong speaking ability only account for 5%; those who are very weak in speaking account for 37%; those who are competent in international conference discussions account for 7% and those who are competent in foreign trade negotiations account for 14%. In spite of the fact that college students have a long history of learning English, the critical situation still not shift and the ability for the college students to speak English is far from satisfactory.
1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home
With the rapid development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks, people’s life has been influenced. According to “Survey Report on Internet Development in China” provided by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) in January 2007, study is the fourth main goal following getting entertained, making friends and getting resources. In English Learning Teaching, Multi-media Means have been also applied. No one can ignore the great influence of the Internet on people’s daily life, including English study. A lot of people have made full use of the Internet for English study, such as reading or listening global news, watching America or Europe movies or TV series, taking part in chatting rooms for English study, making frien ds from other countries online, etc.
Web-based study can make learning anytime, anywhere available, thereby providing the possibility for lifelong learning. It also changes the relationship between teachers and students and provides increased access to study. Besides, web-based study is a good way to improve the student's critical thinking and analytical skills. [2]245
1.4 The significance of the study
With the development of global integration and the increased frequency of international communication, new and higher requirements in English study are put forward for college students. Gradually, more and more non-English major students realize the importance of oral English study and try to find out ways to improve their own oral English to a higher level. However, due to the influence of traditional teaching methods, long-time examination-oriented concept and ignorance to oral English in people’s mind, the current situation of college students, especially non-English major students, in oral English is far from being optimistic. From 1960s, language researchers home and abroad have focused on the relationship between oral English study and learning strategies and made deep study on speaking learning strategies.
What’s more, the Internet and computer science has played a more and more important role in people’s life and influenced language learning further. It is evidently an admirable thing, but there is little guidance to the English study online. The study on web-based learning strategies is few, even the study on web-based speaking learning strategies is almost blank. Therefore, this paper chooses a certain amount of non-English major students in ZUST, and studies their present situation or problems during using speaking learning strategies online, hoping to help them to find a suitable way to study online and finally achieve the ultimate goal of improving oral English.
2. Literature Review
In this part, four topics are discussed respectively. They are: definition of learning strategies, classification of learning strategies, studies on speaking learning strategies, factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies.
2.1 Definition of learning strategies
In most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. The general definition of learning strategies is “mental or behavior activity related to some specific stage in the overall process of language acquisition or language use.” [3]154 In the short history of researches on learning strategies, lots of researches abroad gave definition of learning strategies from perspective of their study. Here are some.
Weinstein and Mayer insist that learning strategies are the behaviors and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning. Learning strategies are intended to influence the learner’s encoding process. 54 The researchers above all think learning strategies are actions useful to language learning but differ in the way learning strategies work.
In 1990, Cohen defines learning strategies as learning processes which are consciously selected by the learners. The element of choice is important here because this is what gives a strategy its special character. These are also moves which the learners are at least partially aware of, even if full attention is not being given to them. 78
In addition, Tarone defines language strategies as “an attempt to develop linguistic and sociolinguistic competence in target language –to incorporate these into one’s interlanguage competence.” [11]65-66 Stern gives the definition as “best reserved for general tendencies or overall characteristic of the approach employed by the language learner, leaving techniques as the term to refer to particular forms of observable learning behavior.& rdquo; [12]57-58
2.2 Classification of learning strategies
2.2.1 Classification of learning strategies abroad
Learning strategies have been classified by many scholars. However, most of these studies do not differ much with each other. Here are three typical classifications:
In the classification of O’Malley and Chamots, there are 3 major types of strategies, namely, cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies and social/affective strategies. [13]155 O’Malley and Chamot make the classification depending on the level or type of processing involved. The disadvantage of O’Malley and Chamot’s classification is that it has difficulties in its application because the definition of each strategies item seems to be a little vague.
The classification scheme provided by Oxford is believed to be the most comprehensive classification to date. Oxford divided language strategies into two major groups, namely, direct strategies and indirect strategies. [14]54-55
1) Direct strategies: Memory strategies, Cognitive strategies, Compensation strategies.
2) Indirect strategies: Meta-cognitive strategies, Social strategies, Affective strategies.
The classification by Oxford has been widely used and accepted.
Cohen, in his work Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language divided learners’ strategies into two types: language learning strategies and language using strategies. [15]124 Cohen’s classification seems clear and easy to understand, but it is difficult to tell whether it is for language learning or for language use. Besides, his study did not pay attention to meta-cognitive strategies, while many researchers believe that meta-cognitive strategies are one of the most important strategies to language learning.
2.2.2 Classification of learning strategies in China
As we know, in most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. In China, many researchers have made great contribution to learning strategies. In order to have a good understanding of learning strategies, many researchers focus on the classification of learning strategies. Cheng& Zhen and Wen are two prominent researchers.
Cheng& Zhen put forward two classification schemes. The first one is based on the role that strategies play in the learning process. There are cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and communicative strategies. The second one is based on areas of language knowledge and skills. There are strategies for learning pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and strategies for developing listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. [16]56
Wen draws a complete system for language learning strategies. In this system, language learning strategies are divided into two categories: the beliefs about language learning and the learning strategies. The former concerns a learner’s viewpoint about how to learn a foreign language, and these beliefs decide the learning strategies one uses. The latter is subdivided into two groups: management skills and learning skills. Management skills are usually related to the language materials, including making study plans, evaluating one’s progress, measuring and modulating one’s affective state and so on; while learning skills generally include how to acquire the abilities in listening, speaking, reading and writing, how to deal with new words, how to learn pronunciation and so on. [17]54
2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies
2.3.1 Nature of oral English
Oral English is different from written English in many ways. Oral English is usually not pre-organized and neat as written English. The sentence in oral English is usually shorter, even not completed or simpler, sometimes wrong in grammar. Also, we can find that oral English is always much up-dated and could express speaker’s ideals by tones of voice, intonation and stress.
The words are being spoken as they are being decided and as they are being understood. Once spoken, they are gone. While the reader can reread, the listener can have memory problems that will lead to misunderstandings or a request for a repetition. Furthermore, the listener may miss a part of what was said, perhaps through noise, or a moment’s distraction. [18]85
2.3.2 Studies on speaking learning strategies abroad
With the further study of learning strategies, some researchers have made detailed study on speaking learning strategies. Speaking strategies, which are closely related to strategies as in McDonugh’s review, turned out to be a focus among researchers of SLA. L2 researchers on speaking strategies were always divided into two camps:
1) Socio-linguistically orientated researchers, such as Tarone, who considered such strategies as social interaction.
2) Psycho-linguistically orientated researchers, represented by Faerch and Kasper, who recognized them as part of a planning process.
Through employing the me thodology of interpreting transcripts of learners’ language，the two camps set a destination of ascertaining various lists of possible strategies available to L2 learners, which were separately described by Poulisse and Bialystok. [19]78-79
The most comprehensive project into speaking strategies was conducted at the University of Nijmegen by Kellerman, Bongaerts, and Poulisse in the 1980s. In these studies by the Nijmegen group, verbal report and other methods were used for investigating the situation of the use of L2 speaking strategies, especially those used in compensating for gaps in communicative ability.
O’Malley and Chamot conducted an empirical interventionist study, which “is one of the most comprehensive studies of learner strategies to date”. [20]65 After the test, the members who were given precise and clear training in meta-cognitive，cognitive，and social strategies and affective strategies improved significantly more than the controlled group.
Cohen, Weaver and Li investigated the effects of a range of speaking strategies on three tasks performed by university foreign language students: a self-description, a story retelling, and a description of a favorite city at University of Minnesota. In 2000, there are also three major studies reviewed by Cohen, which dealt with training of speaking strategies, founded on the categorization of speaking strategies. One study was conducted with a survey of 122 first-year and fourth-year students in the English Department at an Egyptian university，half students receiving the treatment and half in the controlled group. A second study involved 60 undergraduates in compulsory English for Arts Student course. 75
2.3.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies at home
From the early 1980s, researchers in China began to pay more and more attention to speaking learning strategies. A thesis named “An investigation of learning strategies in colloquial communication that Chinese EFL learners in China employ” was accomplished by Huang Xiaohua in 1984. In 1985, Huang Xiaohua took a further research on relationship between speaking strategies and speaking proficiency among seniors of English major in Guangzhou Foreign Language Institute. They found that the use of learning strategies was relative to increased language achievement or proficiency and learning strategies had been firmly affirmed to play an active role in language learning. [23]287-307
In 1990, Chen Siqing Published “A study of communication strategies in interlanguage production by Chinese EFL learners” in an international magazine—Language Learning. In the study, the frequency, type and efficiency of using communication strategies by twelve students of foreign language majors were observed and described. [24]24-26
2.3.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies
During the recent studies on learning strategies, many researchers have found that the use of speaking learning strategies is affected by many factors. And the most common factors are age, language proficiency, learning style, learning beliefs, gender, motivation and culture.
1) Age has been found to affect the use of oral English strategies. Older learners often use complex, sophisticated strategies. Young children respond more readily and intuitively to language “acquisition” in social and communicative situations, while older learners can learn language more steadily by means of cognitive and academic approaches. [25]154
2) L2 proficiency Bialystock found that functional practice correlated significantly with second language proficiency in tenth graders, whereas functional practice, formal practice, and monitoring were related to L2 proficiency in twelfth graders. [26]25
3) Learning styles also affect the choice of L2 learning strategies. Learning styles make a big difference in choosing learning strategies or the learning behavior of an individual.
4) Learning beliefs, as researchers, Weden, Horwitz; Abranham and Vann; Gerardo; Pedro; Yang, suggested, play an important role in dictating the use of learning strategies.
5) Gender differences in the use of learning strategies are indicated by several studies of Oxford and Nyikos, Oxford and Green, Kaylani e.
6) Motivation is also important in successful second language learning. Gardner, D. & L. Miller are typical researchers. Schumann, Oxford and Nyikos, Ehrman and Oxford, Okada also concern much about motivation and learning strategies.
7) Culture may play an important role in shaping particular learning behaviors, as some researchers indicated. Researchers such as O’Malley, Politzer and McGroa try, Scarcella, Carson, Hino, Kohn, Carson and Nelson, Levine, Reves and Leaver and Parry make researches on it. [27]85
3. The methodology
The study was conducted to investigate the current situation of speaking learning strategies used by students from non-English majors who have oral English study online by means of questionnaire survey. The whole chapter is composed of the following components: the subjects, the instruments, data collection, data analysis.
3.1 The subjects
3.1.1 Purpose
The major purposes of the study are: 1) to study the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online; 2) to find out the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies; 3) to identify the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level; 4) to point out that the positive use of speaking learning strategies online is helpful to the improvement of oral English.
3.1.2 Participants
The participants are 107 college students of non-English major in ZUST. They are from different majors and are respectively from science and arts. And also, they are from different grades of different levels.
3.2 Instruments
The questionnaire has been used to gather information on the speaking learning strategies used by students of non-English major who have oral English study online. The students are required to finish the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The questionnaire contains 30 questions, concluding 6 questions about meta-cognitive strategies, 4 questions about cognitive strategies, 6 questions about memory strategies, 4 questions about compensation strategies, 5 questions about affective strategies, and 5 questions about social strategies. It uses five scales ranging from A (“never”) to E (“always”). The latter letter indicates a more frequent use of the Internet or strategies. The first part of the survey questionnaire is for the status of using the Internet for oral English study in ZUST. The second part focuses on the use of six types of strategies. The detailed reflection of different speaking learning strategies used in oral English study online can be represented as below: 1) memory strategies, such as setting up nets of relationships, making use of image and sound, reviewing, acting and so on; 2) cognitive strategies, such as practicing, receiving, and conveying information, analyzing and inferring, setting up rules for inputting and output information; 3) compensation strategies, such as guessing, overcoming deficiencies of language knowledge in speaking and writing; 4) meta-cognitive strategies, such as focusing on key points of learning, arranging and planning learning, evaluating learning; 5) affective strategies, such as lowering anxiety, encouraging oneself, learning about one’s own state of affect; 6) social strategies, such as enquiring about questions, cooperating with others, sympathizing others. The questionnaire is in Chinese, in order to make the participants understand the items better.
3.3 Data collection
The students majoring in science, especially the students majoring in engineering and students majoring in arts of business trade and humanity in ZUST, take part in this survey. The survey conducted during a week in April in 2010. There are different methods or procedures to collect the data in the researches of speaking learning strategies, such as observation, interview, questionnaire, verbal report, diary, etc. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages as well. But considering time-saving principal and the conception of building an environmental society, this survey is made online. During this period, we contact 3 students majoring in engineering in ZUST and then other students to take part in the survey. The students are required to answer the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The participants are advised not to be so bad in English to guarantee the quality of the survey. Then the data will undergo descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics indicate the average level of the use of speaking learning strategies, the difference between two sets of scores, such as the relationship between some learners’ factors and the use of speaking learning strategies, such as gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency, and the possibility and reliability of the data.
3.4 Data analysis
This paper analyzes the data collected in the research. Section one indicates the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online. Section two shows the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. Section three provides the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level. For the convenience of calculating, A (“never&rd quo;) to E (“always”) in the questionnaire count 1-5 scores gradually. And all use mean and Std. Deviation to make a contrast between each other and check the possibility of the results.
3.4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies
Table 3.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in real life
Category Online In real life
Overall strategies 2.50 4.02
Memory strategies 2.30 4.33
Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.04
Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.83
Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 3.12
Affective strategies 2.19 3.03
Social strategies 2.24 4.08
The table 3.1 above shows the mean scores of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in the real life respectively. It is clearly that the frequency of the overall use of speaking learning online only accounts 2.50, greatly lower than that in the real life, which holds 4.02. Besides, the respective scores of the use of different speaking learning strategies are relatively lower than that in the real life.
3.4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies
Table 3.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies
Category Mean Std. Deviation
Memory strategies 2.30 2.29
Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.33
Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.91
Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 5.18
Affective strategies 2.19 3.43
Social strategies 2.24 3.07
The table 3.2 above shows the mean scores and std. deviation of the use of different speaking learning strategies online. As the survey shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used by students are compensation strategies, which accounts for 2.82. The latter two are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies, which accounts for 2.57 and 2.53 respectively. Affective strategies only have 2.19, which are comparatively low to the overall level.
3.4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors
3.4.3.1 Use of the speaking strategies by different gender
Table 3.3 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different gender
Category Male Female
Overall strategies 2.33 2.67
Memory strategies 2.28 2.32
Cognitive strategies 2.53 2.61
Compensation strategies 2.51 2.55
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.49 2.57
Affective strategies 2.18 2.20
Social strategies 2.21 2.27
From table 3.3, we can see that there is no big significant difference in using memory strategies, cognitive strategies, compensation strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and social strategies between different genders. The overall strategies used by females hold 2.67, higher than 2.33 for males. The use of learning strategies by females is more frequent than the males. Also, the scores of respective speaking learning strategies by the females are always higher than the males.
3.4.3.2 Use of the speaking strategies by different majors
Table 3.4 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different major
Category Science Arts
Overall strategies 2.36 2.64
Memory strategies 2.25 2.35
Cognitive strategies 2.51 2.63
Compensation strategies 2.59 2.47
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.31 2.33
Affective strategies 2.15 2.23
Social strategies 2.19 2.29
From table 3.4, the overall use of speaking learning strategies by students from arts occupies 2.64, while the use of those from science occupies 2.36. The students from arts use speaking learning strategies a little more frequent than those of the science. Also, this contrast between males and females can be seen by the scores of each speaking learning strategies in the table3.4.
3.4.3.3 Use of the speaking strategies by different personalities
Table 3.5 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different personality
Category Extroverted Introverted
Overall strategies 2.50 2.42
Memory strategies 2.27 2.33
Cognitive strategies 2.58 2.56
Compensation strategies 2.56 2.50
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.28 2.34
Affective strategies 2.19 2.17
Social strategies 2.26 2.21
From table 3.5, the scores of the extroverted students and the introverted students are near the same. And it is not fixed that the scores of the extroverted ones are higher than the introverted ones by each strategies. The score of memory strategies by the introverted occupies 2.33, 0.05 higher than the extroverted. Also, we can see that the score of the meta-cognitive strategies by the introverted is 0.06 higher. There is no big difference in the use of the speaking strategies with different personality, but normally the speaking learning strategies used by the outgoing and confident students are more frequent, especially social strategies, affective strategies and compensation strategies.
3.4.3.4 The use of the speaking strategies by different self-rated proficiency levels
Table 3.6 Frequency of the use of speaking Learning
strategies by different self-rated proficiency level
Category High Medium Low
Overall strategies 2.53 1.61 0.89
Memory strategies 1.84 1.71 1.12
Cognitive strategies 2.19 1.97 0.98
Compe nsation strategies 1.51 1.57 1.90
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.57 1.63 0.83
Affective strategies 2.83 1.88 0.67
Social strategies 2.11 1.54 0.83
In this part, students are divided into three groups by self-rated proficiency level, namely, high, medium and low. Table 3.6 clearly shows that the strategies used by the participants are significantly and positively related to their proficiency level. The good students with higher-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and relatively the students with low-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In addition, the compensation is often used by the ones who are relatively weak in English, which occupy 1.9 point in the table 3.6.
4. Results and discussion
4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies
As the survey shows, the overall use of speaking learning strategies online is still low. The possible reason should be:
First, the college students have not thought high of or even realized the great potential and function of the net to learning. Although the Internet can capture students’ attention easily, it is not often used for study. Students are used to and willing to study in class or by textbooks or homework.
Second, even though a part of students realized the value of Internet to study, they do not know how to study. The further negative effect is that they lose the interest in oral English practicing easily. This may need the teachers to guide them and enlighten their mind with fleshing ideas, innovation and updated rich information about the ways to practice oral English on the Internet.
Third, there is no admirable and pleasant atmosphere for web-based study. As nearly all the students live in the dormitory, they are easily affected by each other. So, an environment full of interaction is advocated. The teachers or the students themselves could build some forums, unions or study groups to arise the atmosphere of study.
The last but not the least, the Internet has so much temptation to allure the students to have some entertainment. So, the Internet itself may reduce the speaking learning use. Students are always weak in self-motivated learning ability and ability to study independently online. As to this, the students themselves should pay more efforts on it.
4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies.
From the data we can see that the most frequent speaking learning strategy used by students online is the compensation strategies. This may be the reason that the average oral English level of non-English major students is not high and a big amount of them is low. When they could not understand what the other talks about during the conversation, they will ask them to repeat or slow down the speed. Since the storage of their vocabulary is limited, when they could not remind of the words or sentences needed, they will choose other words or sentences to replace these words or sentences. And when they could not express themselves clearly, they will try to give examples to elaborate it.
The lower ones to compensation strategies in the survey are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies. It is gratified that students have an identifying goal of study in English learning and they also take advantage of the Internet resources under a pleasant condition by watching America movie or TV series or listening VOA, BBC, etc. They also try to seek the better way to improve oral English and have the ability to make arrangements.
Affective strategies, memory strategies and social strategies are comparatively lower in the data. Students are easy to be depressed about their oral English and sometimes have the thought to let it be. When confronted with new words on movies, TV series, websites, chatting online, etc, students will not write them down or try to find their meanings. Social strategies could contribute much but are limited by the traditional study habits online. Students have not formed the habits to practice English by e-mails, chatting rooms or other methods online.
4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors
As we can see from the use of the speaking strategies by different genders, majors, personality, and self-rated proficiency level above, English learning factors do affect the oral learning inline.
As to the gender, females pay more attention to the use of speaking learning strategies and have more talents in language learning. Female students are not engaged in many entertainments such as games, etc. But both males and females should make best use of the advantages and bypass the disadvantages
As to the major, the scores of the students majoring in arts are conspicuously superior to the students majoring in science. The thinking pattern and the advantage of sharing emotion and social practice of the students majoring in art makes them superior in the use of speaking learning strategies, while the students majoring in science pay much on the technologies and data than language itself.
As to personality, the extroverted ones gain much. The extroverted personality always represents confident, outgoing and communicating or sharing much with others. The confident and outgoing ones always have a higher self-rated proficiency. If one is more confident and outgoing, then he or she will pay more efforts on how to improve oral English and gain more opportunity to have a communication with others.
As to self-rated proficiency, it is clear that the students with higher self-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and the students with lower self-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In turn, the ones who use varied speaking learning strategies more frequently can always achieve better outcomes in oral English. But as the Internet is only one assisting tool to oral English learning, so, we can not say that it is definitely a deciding factor. But it is sure that frequent use of strategies do contributes to the results of the oral English learning.
At present, however, not too many students regard the speaking learning strategies important, and have not formed a good study mode online. So, I would like to bring up some advice for reference: 1)lowering anxiety and practicing step by step; 2)preparing and planning for using speaking learning strategies; 3)selecting and using proper and suitable strategies for yourself; 4)summarizing your oral study and making adjustments accordingly; 5)going outside and practicing more and more. How to get rid of the barriers of the negative factors and make full use of the positive ones is a wise but a difficult thing. Also, to make full use of the Internet in study and put the speaking learning strategies into the oral English study online are meaningful but still a long way.
5. Conclusion
The above discussion of study and research is by no means comprehensive but it deserves our study.
Nowadays, Internet is an interesting and fashionable thing to us. It has attracted our eyeballs for a long time and occupied plenty of our time as well. The introduction of Internet brings new vigor to teaching and learning process, but it also tends to be inefficient during the study. Thus, the frequency of using speaking learning strategies online is low. This requires the proper use of speaking learning strategies and efforts by the students.
As the study shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used online is compensation strategies. It may after all be accepted as a good way to circumvent the weakness in oral English, but not a good and long-time way to improve oral English level. Other strategies do deserve to use and have some requirements to the learners: the use of cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies requires learners know how to make arrangements for study and have the ability to self-control during the study online. The study of affective strategies shows that an enterprising and perseverant mind is advocated in practicing oral English. Memory strategies request the learners to be more diligent and hardworking to English study. At last, the social strategies are functional and demand the students to explore more gateways of practicing oral English online.
It is evident that learners’ factors can easily affect the use of speaking learning strategies online and some factors can not be changed at once. But, if the learners could foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, and absorb the shining points from the others, there will be a new look of oral English learning.
Speaking learning strategies is by no means helpful to the improvement of oral English, although this paper could not give affirmative support to it. But we can see that the good learners always use speaking learning strategies more frequently.
All in all, it is greatly expected that the learners could make full use of the website and speaking learning strategies during the study online and there will be a better atmosphere of practicing oral English online in the future.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Louqing, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Yangxue, Chenliang, Fanyanlong, wangbo and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
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Appendices
浙江科技学院非英语专业大学生网上英语口语学习策略调查问卷
一、个人简况
姓名:
性别: A 男 B女
科别： A 理工科 B文科
你的性格特征： A内向 B外向
你认为你目前的英语综合水平： A很差 B一般 C优秀
二、网上英语口语学习策略调查
（元认知策略使用情况调查）
1、我寻求好的网上口语练习的时间和地点。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
2、上网学习时，我能把握上网学习的时间和内容。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
3、对于如何上网提高英语口语能力，在不同时期，我有明确的目标。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
4、我总在寻求更好的口语学习方法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
5、我思考和评价自己的上网学习方法从而找出存在的问题和解决方法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
6、在说话前， 我先把想说的话组织好再说。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（认知策略使用情况调查）
7、我浏览各种英文网站、听英文录音VOA,BBC,. etc及看英文视频等，听和练习口语。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
8、在用英语聊天时，我会猜想对方下一句会说什么。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
9、听VOA,BBC，. etc 或欧美剧等英文视频时，我会模仿其说话方式、语音语调及用词。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
10、听VOA,BBC，. etc 或欧美剧等英文视频时，我会小声跟着说。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（记忆策略使用情况调查）
11、我反复观看喜欢的欧美剧，以便加深印象。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
12、记单词时， 我会想到同根的词或近义词、反义词等相关词汇。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
13、在英文网站上遇到新单词我就猜它的意思。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
14、一遇到生词就查字典吗?
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
15、我把上网遇到的生词记在单词本上。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
16、我用金山词霸等网上字典在线查找生词的意义及用法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（补偿策略使用情况调查）
17、QQ聊或聊天室语音等方式交流时， 我会努力猜测TA接下去将说什么。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
18、QQ聊或聊天室语音等方式交流时， 当不懂对方所言时，会请求对方重复或放慢语速。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
19、QQ聊或聊天室语音等方式交流时， 当与别人交谈时想不起某个词 时， 我会使用同义词（组）。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
20、当不能表达自己时， 我会举例等方式进行解释。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（情感策略使用情况调查）
21、在网络环境中害怕别人发现你英语方面的不足吗?
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
22、为了把口语说好，我经常自我鼓励。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
23、说英语紧张时， 我会想办法消除它。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
24、上网学习英语后，我的学习兴趣提高了。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
25、我会与家人、同学、老师等探讨口语学习的感受
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（社交策略使用情况调查）
26、用英语写邮件或聊天时，我请对方纠正我的错误。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
27、通过网上交流很容易在学习上和同学结成朋友。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
28、必要时，交谈借助手势、表情等进行表达。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
29、交谈时，我把精力放在意思表达上。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
30、在口语表达时，我直接向对方表示自己遇到困难，向对方寻求帮助。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
浙江科技学院非英语专业大学生非网络状态下英语口语学习策略调查问卷
（元认知策略使用情况调查）
1、我寻求好的网上口语练习的时间和地点。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
2、学习时，我能把握学习的时间和内容。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
3、对于如何提高英语口语能力，在不同时期，我有明确的目标。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
4、我总在寻求更好的口语学习方法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
5、我思考和评价自己的学习方法从而找出存在的问题和解决方法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
6、在说话前， 我先把想说的话组织好再说。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（认知策略使用情况调查）
7、我参加有利于英语提高的活动，听和练习口语。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
8、在用英语聊天时，我会猜想对方下一句会说什么。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
9、听英语时，我会模仿其说话方式、语音语调及用词。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
10、听英语时，我会小声跟着说。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（记忆策略使用情况调查）
11、我反复朗读喜欢的英语文章，以便加深印象。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
12、记单词时， 我会想到同根的词或近义词、反义词等相关词汇。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
13、遇到新单词我就猜它的意思。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
14、一遇到生词就查字典吗?
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
15、我把遇到的生词记在单词本上。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
16、我会努力查找生词的意义及用法。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（补偿策略使用情况调查）
17、英语聊天时，我会努力猜测TA接下去将说什么。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
18、英语聊天时，当不懂对方所言时，会请求对方重复或放慢语速。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
19、英语聊天时， 当与别人交谈时想不起某个词时， 我会使用同义词（组）。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
20、当不能表达自己时， 我会举例等方式进行解释。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（情感策略使用情况调查）
21、害怕别人发现你英语方面的不足吗?
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
22、为了把口语说好，我经常自我鼓励。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
23、说英语紧张时， 我会想办法消除它。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
24、一番努力学习后，我的学习兴趣提高了。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
25、我会与家人、同学、老师等探讨口语学习的感受
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
（社交策略使用情况调查）
26、用英语聊天时，我请对方纠正我的错误。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
27、英语打开新的世界，结交更多的朋友。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
28、必要时，交谈借助手势、表情等进行表达。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
29、交谈时，我把精力放在意思表达上。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
30、在口语表达时，我直接向对方表示自己遇到困难，向对方寻求帮助。
A从不 B很少 C有时 D经常 E总是
谢谢您的合作!
诚 信 承 诺
我谨在此承诺：本人所写的毕业论文《基于网络的英语口语学习策略研究》均系本人独立完成，没有抄袭行为，凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料，均作了注释，若有不实，后果由本人承担。
篇（5）
（1）认识指导
尽管毕业论文写作是本科教学计划中的一个重要实践环节,但仍有部分学生对其重视不够。许多同学不了解毕业论文写作的性质和意义,认为其可由可无,此外,由于就业压力增大,学生忙于求职,也忽略了论文的写作。所以,教师在指导的过程中,应首先端正学生对毕业论文写作的认识,使其能意识到毕业论文写作的重要性,以积极的态度投入到毕业论文写作中来。
（2）过程指导
毕业论文写作是个系统工程,涉及写前、写中和写后三个阶段。在写前准备中,教师应就材料的收集与整理以及文献检索的方法进行指导;在写中阶段,应就论文写作的谋篇构思、正文的常用结构、引文的规范、参考文献的格式等予以解释说明;在写后阶段应强调论文的修改和润色,使文章更加衔接与连贯,以适应本校的论文写作规范。
（3）写作方法指导
学生毕业论文的选题可谓多种多样,会包括诸如语言学类、文学类、教学法类、翻译类和应用类等选题.在集体指导的过程中,教师应就不同类别毕业论文的写作方法予以简单介绍,使学生对所属类别论文的写作方法有初步认识。
2、个别指导
个别指导主要是指导老师对自己所指导的学生一对一的、有重点的指导。如果说集体指导主要是宏观指导的话,那么个别指导主要是微观方面的指导。教师给予学生的,只能是方向、方法和写作技巧上的指导,而不是有关选题的全部资料、知识和论点⑥。个别指导也可以涉及集体指导的内容,但更应强调对学生论文框架、语言、格式和规范等方面的指导。
（1）选题指导
我们倡导学生自主选题,但并非自由选题,学生选题的过程中离不开教师的指导。选题是否合适决定了最后的论文是否能够写好,因此,要加强学生选题时的主体意识,要求学生选择自己感兴趣而且有能力完成的题目,提倡“小题大做”,老师既要当好参谋,又要尊重学生的选择。
（2）资料选择指导
资料是完成论文的基础。指导教师应对学生搜集资料提供指导和帮助,应根据学生的选题提出搜集材料的具体要求和方法。学生搜集的材料应做到“全”和“新”,应在占有资料的基础上着手论文的写作。只有掌握大量的资料,了解所选题目的研究现状,才能深入分析,提出自己的观点,做到有所创新。
（3）开题指导
开题报告中学生必须提出论文的基本框架,论文的层次和结构是否合理取决于论文的架构是否恰当。在写开题报告前,指导教师必须要求学生广泛、深入地查阅与选题相关的资料。通过查阅资料,学生可以了解学术界对自己所要论证的问题都有哪些观点,已经得出了什么结论,自己从中发现了什么问题,对这些问题有什么看法等等。这样做,一方面可以了解自己选题的背景,避免了重复劳动;另一方面,在占有材料的过程中,也能做到有所发现,为创新提供了可能。指导教师要确认论文结构的合理性、论证方法的可行性、完成论文的可能性,在确定不存在任何问题的情况下,指导老师可以和学生进行讨论,力求达到论文的结构合理,论点突出,论据详实,逻辑性强。
（4）初稿审查
学生在完成初稿后,指导教师要进行审查。在审查之前,教师必须清楚了解与选题相关的已有的研究,以便确认学生是否有抄袭、重复的行为。如有,则要求学生重写,绝不能姑息;若没有,指导老师要认真审查,大到观点是否正确、论据是否充足,小到遣词造句是否准确、行文是否衔接与连贯。还要重点审查文章的规范性,包括格式、引文和参考文献等。英语专业的毕业论文在内容上应该包括封面、原创声明及版权协议、致谢、英文摘要及关键词、中文摘要及关键词、目录、正文和参考文献。论文封面要写明学校、中英文题目、作者、学院、专业、指导老师和完成日期.封面中论文题目中文在前、英文在后,要注意简约精炼,字数控制在20以内。致谢（Acknowledgements）:致谢页放在摘要前,应用英文撰写。主要内容为感谢导师和在论文写作中,对自己有过帮助的人士和单位,以示尊重他人的劳动。摘要（Abstract）:在英语专业毕业论文中,英文摘要在前,中文摘要在后。摘要的语言要精炼;摘要概括了研究的整体状况,主要包含六个结构要素:主题阐述（topicspecification）、背景信息（backgroundinformation）、目的陈述（purposestate-ment）、方法论和语料（methodologyanddata）、研究结果或发现（resultsorfindings）和研究所带来的启示或结论（implicationsorconclusions）⑦。关键词（Keywords）:关键词是为了文献索引便于从论文中选取出用以表示全文主题内容的单词或术语。每篇论文选取3-5个词作为关键词,按词条的外延层次排列（外延大的排在前面）。关键词另立一行排在摘要下面。目录（Contents）:目录按三级标题编写,要求标题层次清晰.目录中的标题要与正文中标题一致。目录中应包括致谢、英文摘要、中文摘要、前言、论文主体、结论、参考文献等。论文正文（Body）:正文是毕业论文的主体和核心部分,—般应包括前言、论文主体及结论等部分。论文正文部分字数在4000-5000字。前言用中文书写,应说明本选题的意义、目的、研究范围及要达到的要求;简述本选题在国内外的发展概况及存在的问题;说明本选题的指导思想;阐述本选题应解决的主要问题。论文主体是毕业论文的主要部分,应该结构合理,层次清楚,重点突出,文字简练、通顺.结论是毕业论文的总结,是整篇论文的归宿。要求精炼、准确地阐述自己的创造性工作或新的见解及其意义和作用,还可进一步提出需要讨论的问题和建议。在正文中,引用别人的观点要注明出处。引用分直接引用和间接引用，直接引用的文字要加引号，引文采取夹注的方式,夹注内容包括引文作者的姓和出版年份以及其它能帮助检索引文出处的信息。这三项内容可以根据行文需要或融入论文的句子中,或另列在括号里。参考文献（References）:参考文献为论文正文引用的文献,是毕业论文不可缺少的组成部分,它反映毕业论文的取材来源、材料的广博程度和材料的可靠程度。它不仅能反映一种治学态度,在一定程度上也表明作者的水平。从参考文献中大致可看出作者研究的范围、重点、方法、知识结构、挖掘的深与浅以及论文的质量。英语专业学生毕业论文中的英文参考文献和中文参考文献应分别归类排列,英文在前,中文在后.英文的参考文献按作者姓名的英文字母顺序排列;中文的按照作者姓名的拼音字母数序排列。在论文写作中,确切表达自己的观点与准确引用别人的话是同等重要的。因此,一定要恪守学术论文的文体与格式规范.Slade⑧认为,文体规范包括词汇、语调、语气、简洁、时态、句型、排比、逻辑、连贯和无偏见的语言等方面;格式规范包括拼写、缩写、斜体、大写规则、标题、数字和符号等。学生在写作的过程中应予以注意和重视。关于引文和参考文献的规范化问题反映了学生的写作态度,也是论文评价的一个重要方面。指导老师在具体的指导过程中,要使学生明确和重视引文出处的标注方式、文献的排序、标点符号、文献标识、大小写、期刊页码表示等。为使学生少走弯路,在论文写作之初就应该加强这方面的教育。教师最好与学生面对面交流,指出需要修改的地方,指导学生对文章进行修改与润色。在初稿审查后,还应对二稿、三稿等进行再检查。科学的指导可以帮助学生排除在论文写作程中的模糊认识、克服焦虑和浮躁的情绪,提高指导工作的效率,避免事倍功半,从而切实可行地一步一步地改进和完成论文。
（5）答辩指导
学生是否能通过答辩,论文的质量将起到决定性的作用。当然,这也与学生的心理素质有很大的关系。心理素质好的学生,临场应变能力和融会贯通能力都会强一些。在论文答辩阶段,教师的指导作用也很重要。在答辩前,指导教师要帮助学生做好答辩前的准备工作。教师可以就论文内涵及外延等提出一些相关问题让学生去思考,必要时可以帮助学生分析。要让学生充分掌握论文的内涵问题,了解论文的外延问题,同时还要注意培养学生的应答能力。论文答辩实质上也是检验和提高学生综合素质的重要环节,指导教师应给予重视。总之,论文写作是个过程,教师的指导也蕴含于写作过程之中,并与论文写作相辅相成。当然,教师的指导只是影响论文质量的其中一个因素。
篇（6）
教育部办公厅在2004年4月发出《关于加强普通高等学校毕业设计（论文）工作的通知》，通知中强调：毕业设计（论文）旨在培养大学生探索真理，强化社会意识，提高综合实践能力，是衡量教学水平，学生毕业与学位资格认证的重要依据。教育部在2009年的《普通高等学校本科教学工作水平评估方案》中再次明确要求本科毕业设计（论文）“选题要紧密结合生产和社会实际，难度工作量适当，体现专业综合训练要求”。从2010年起至今北京城市学院国际语言文化学部英语（国际商务）专业进行了相关的改革研究与实践。结合毕业设计管理与指导实践，作者对积累的一些经验和存在的问题进行总结。
一、高校商务英语专业（方向）毕业论文的现状
高校商务英语专业毕业论文选题学术气氛浓厚、重复率高。多集中于“商务谈判的技巧”、“商标的翻译策略”、“商务广告的语言特色”等，与商务实践密切相关的文章寥寥无几。学生在选题上还是侧重于文学和文化，没有充分体现出商务英语的专业方向性。多数的商务英语专业学生写作内容脱离实际，没有注重毕业论文的自身价值与实际意义。缺乏实证分析，不会运用所学的知识对实际问题进行研究，有的同学撰写的内容与将来所从事的商务活动毫无关系。大多数学生都是根据指导教师布置的论文题目独自搜索文献、分析整理资料、缺乏了团队协作、限制了思想火花的碰撞。如果毕业设计能够以团队的形式来完成撰写必将对学生的实践能力、团队协作能力、组织与沟通交流能力的提升起到非常大的帮助。
二、商务英语专业毕业论文改革探索与实践
1.毕业论文改革的形式和内容。
掌握商务文书的基本知识、写作方法、写作技能，能运用娴熟、得心应手地撰写各类商务文书是衡量现代商务工作者的素质、能力的重要标准。根据我校英语专业国际商务方向学生实际情况和商务文书撰写的难易程度，英语（国际商务）学生选择商务报告中的调查报告（SurveyReport）开展毕业论文改革。调查报告具体要求：调查报告由2人共同完成，学生需进行社会调查、访谈或其他调研方式。要求调查报告的字数不少于5000字英文，其中含1000字中文概要，调查问卷样卷和访谈提纲样卷为中英文对照版。
2.行业人士进行调查报告撰写的指导和培训。
为了帮助学生更好地掌握商务文书的撰写规范，行文要求，专业安排了行业人士对调研报告的撰写进行了指导和培训。调查报告撰写的培训方案：调查报告撰写指导分为三部分：第一部分对调查报告的定义、结构、撰写过程进行宏观指导；第二部分主要讲解调查报告的研究方法、资料的收集与研究、问卷和访谈内容的设计；第三部分调查报告的选题和开题指导。
3.调查报告双导师指导的管理与监控。
毕业论文“双导师制”指导模式是依据北京城市学院办学目标和特色，结合商务英语专业学生特点，通过校内英语指导教师与来自其他学院跨学科或者行业的合作导师“双导师”联合指导，重点实施理论学习环节、调研环节、理论与实践整合环节等双导师式培养的毕业论文指导模式。选题环节。毕业论文的选题是做好毕业论文工作的首要环节，指导教师严格把好选题关是保证毕业论文质量的前提条件。校外合作导师提出若干个用人单位在实际工作操作中遇到的真实问题。毕业论文选题来自于实际工作过程中的问题，既体现了实际应用价值，又能很好地锻炼学生的实践能力。理论学习环节。为了让学生有更充裕的时间进入第七学期的学习和第八学期工作岗位的实习，我们将理论环节的学习提前到夏季小学期。由校内指导教师和行业合作导师进行联合讲解。学生在双导师的指导下，完成选题、开题报告准备等环节。调研实践环节。在夏季小学期结束后的暑期，学生要开展为期约4周的调研活动。在调研实习期间，由实习单位的校外指导教师，监督和指导学生的调研实习实践活动，补充学生理论学习的缺陷，提高学生商务实操能力。在这一环节，校内英语指导教师也需要及时与校外指导老师沟通，协助学生完成调研实践环节。理论与实践整合环节。学生在调研实践活动后，即完成问卷发放和访谈活动，回到学校进行调研报告的撰写。学生需要在这个环节听取校内英语指导教师和校外指导教师的指导建议，展开数据的统计分析，以及调研报告的撰写。双导师综合评定给出毕业设计的成绩。答辩环节。采用校内老师和行业人士联合组成答辩专家组，对调查报告中涉及的理论环节和实践环节进行全面系统的提问，双导师以及答辩专家组综合评定后给出每组同学毕业论文成绩。对于学生各项成绩的评定，第一指导教师占总成绩的60%，第二指导教师占40%。专业要求学生毕业设计完成情况严格进行前期、中期检查与考核。如果因为教师指导不力，学生没有圆满完成毕业设计，将追究校内导师的责任。对于毕业设计工作不认真、投入不够、完成质量差而又达不到专业培养目标的学生，学部将根据毕业设计要求的有关规定严肃处理。毕业论文“双导师制”指导模式强调了基础理论知识和专业实践知识的有机结合，弥补了高校英语教师缺乏商务实战经验的弊病。“双导师制”将显著增强学生的专业能力和社会适应能力，使得学生在进入企业后，能够更快地适应环境，从而直接进入工作状态。学生通过这种模式的训练，巩固发展了专业知识和技能，也为日后的就业打下扎实的基础。
4.调查报告的评审标准要适当调整。
毕业论文评价体系是引导毕业论文工作的杠杆和指挥棒。重点考察学生毕业论文的原创性、实效性，即毕业论文必须是学生经过努力研究真实做出来的，解决了实际工作中的某一个问题，比较真实地反映了学生的实际工作能力与水平。在评价程序上，整个撰写过程采用双导师（校内英语教师与行业专家）综合评定和指导，在评审的各个环节均采用英语教师和行业专家双评审制度。评分标准也相应地区别于传统的学术论文，例如在选题上要评定“选题是否具有较强的现实意义，符合实践性、科学性、创新性要求”；调查问卷的设计上要评定“调查问卷的结构、内容设计科学、合理，较为清楚地说明调查问卷的发放及回收情况”；数据综合分析能力上要评定“能够灵活运用多种形式的图表对调查问卷所得结果和数据进行恰当、科学、有效分析”；在调查报告整体质量上要评定“研究结果摘要部分：论述清晰；正文部分：理论运用正确，数据分析科学、合理，论述充分，结构严谨，条理清晰；结论与建议部分：结论正确，具有创新性，实用性。调查报告结果具有一定的参考、应用价值。全文专业术语使用准确。符号统一，编号齐全，书写规范，图表完备、整洁、正确”；毕业论文的答辩和评审标准都结合实际进行了适当的调整以保证评价的得体性和公平性。
三、政策建议
1.深化毕业论文以及配套商务英语教学改革。
商务英语专业应该以毕业论文改革为契机，不断深化商务英语教学改革，整合各种实践教学资源，使教学理论、人才培养模式与人才培养目标达成一致。在商务英语教学过程中，可以采取多种方式培养学生的商务实践能力和创新能力，例如不断加强校企合作力度；学校与企业和政府建立实践教学合作关系；请行业专家到学校授课或开办讲座；提倡英语教师带领学生到企业现场教学；鼓励英语社团组织承接社会项目；等等。
2.加强实践型教师队伍建设。
学校要通过各种途径增强教师实践意识和实践能力的培养，例如，鼓励教师带领学生参加社会课题研究、对专业教师进行实践教学培训等，并且纳入对教师的考核体系中；学校派青年教师到企事业单位、外企外贸公司挂职锻炼，以此来增进教师对社会的了解，要求教师在授课的过程中渗透实践内容，培养学生的实践能力和创新意识。学校也可以将具有创业经历和实践经验的各类人员融入到教师队伍里。通过上述措施，强化学校的实践人才培养特色，加快相关教学方法的改进与教学条件的改善步伐。
3.毕业论文的体裁和形式多样化。
毕业论文体裁可以多样化，充分体现学生的实践能力和专业特点，体裁不仅局限于传统的学术论文，而且可以将其拓展为商务实用文书的撰写和商务情景的模拟。前者包括标书的撰写、市场调查报告、广告策划、营销方案等，后者包括商务谈判、国际会展、商务洽谈、产品推荐会情景模拟等。毕业论文的各种体裁和形式均采用团队协作的模式，使学生能够各尽所长、发挥集体的智慧。
参考文献：
[2]教育部.教育部办公厅关于加强普通高等学校毕业论文（设计）工作的通知（教高厅[2004]14号）[R].
[3]李志生.建筑工程招投标实务与案例分析[M].北京：机械工业出版社，2011.
[4]刘晓辉，魏俊玲.浅谈经济全球化中商务英语人才的培养[J].中国商贸，2009，（15）.
篇（7）
英语专业本科毕业论文撰写是高校本科教学 的最后一个重要阶段，也是评价学生是否能够顺利 毕业的重要指标之一。2000年颁布的《高等学校 英语专业英语教学大纲》强调了毕业论文的重要 性:“毕业论文是考察学生综合能力、评估成绩的 一个重要方式”[1]。同时，大纲还进一步明确了毕 业论文的要求。根据《大纲》，各个髙校也纷纷对 英语专业本科毕业论文撰写制定了具体的要 求。[2]
然而，笔者在对本校英语专业学生论文管理过 程中却发现，对于论文学术不端检测还有很多学生 甚至部分教师都不太清楚其目的及意义，对待学术 不端问题怠慢。许多高校都出现学生忽视学术不 端问题，仍然拼拼凑凑，复制他人成果的情况。[3]
因此笔者以本校2014届205名英语专业毕业生论 文学术不端检测报告为研究对象，对学生毕业论文 复制比的特征进行分析，从而找到英语本科生在撰 写论文过程中所存在的问题及原因。
一、论文复制比的主要比例分配
对于毕业论文复制比，每所高校的要求都略有 不同，对于本校的要求，所有的毕业论文经学术不 端检测，检测结果雷同率或文字复制比率在30% (含30%)以内的视为合格，超过30%的视为不合 格。超过30%的论文，必须经过严格整改,否则取 消学生答辩资格。由此可见,高校对学生学术不端 的行为都有着严格的规章制度。笔者通过对205 名学生论文的学术不端检测报告进行分析,得出以 下主要比例分配：
由表一可以看出，在205名学生中，95%的学 生基本上都可以按照要求通过学术不端检测，而且 有73%的学生复制比都在10%以内，只有少部分 学生(5% )未能通过检测，但其中有一名学生论文 复制比居然达到96%。因此，虽然说大部分都可以达到要求，但就未通过的学生而言，出现的 问题也不容忽视。
二、论文复制比的主要特征
就学生论文复制比的主要特征而言，笔者根据 本校的毕业论文学术不端检测要求，以复制比小于30% (含30% )和大于30%为基本两个组,分别分 析两组中学生论文复制比的主要特征。
(一) 复制比小于30% (含30% )
1. 正文外内容。从论文基本结构上看,除正文 部分以外，还包括标题、目录、参考文献、致谢以及 附录部分。就正文外的内容而言，通过分析，笔者 发现65%的学生抄袭现象主要集中在致谢部分， 甚至个别学生还存在致谢部分全部抄袭的情况。 另外，少部分学生对论文的目录以及附录部分也存 在雷同的情况，但通过论文分析，此部分并不是所 谓的抄袭，尤其是附录部分，因为学生会把引用别 人的问卷附在文后，但已标明出处。
2. 正文部分。通过分析,84%的学生论文正 文的复制处主要集中在文献综述以及总结部分。 对于文献综述部分，尤其是对定义解释以及研究回 顾部分的复制抄袭比例非常高，就这部分字数而 言，基本上都在600字以上。而且从该部分具体内 容上看，大部分学生由于对理论概念的不理解，因 此无法用自己的语言进行转述或者总结，只能完全 重复别人的文字。另外，综述部分更是重复别人观 点，但只述不评。从总结部分来看，学生的总结并 不是对自己研究结果的概括和提炼，反而是直接借 用他人的总结性话语，因而存在大量重复抄袭的 情况。
3. 复制来源。100%的学生复制的来源主要 是本科生或者研究生论文以及网络资源，尤其是百 度文库中的资料。虽然有少部分的学生复制出处 来源于期刊文章，但大多以中文为主。
(二) 复制比大于30%
1. 文献引用。从论文总体上来看，对重复抄 袭的部分学生几乎都没有给出相关引证文献。除 此之外，11个学生的参考文献部分都存在大量的 复制抄袭。
2. 正文部分。除了上述所提及的部分以外， 11个学生的论文在introduction部分同样存在复制 抄袭。从报告单中还看出，这部分学生对 参考文献和研究方法部分也存在严重的抄袭。
3. 复制来源。与上述相同，11个学生的重复 抄袭部分都来源于论文或者网络资料。
三、原因分析
通过对英语专业学生论文学术不端检测报告 进行分析，不难看出，即使大部分学生都顺利通过
了检测，有的学生的复制率甚至为0,但通过对其 复制比特征的分析以及对学生的访谈调查，笔者发 现其中存在多方面的原因。
(一) 学生写作能力欠佳
在听说读写译的技能中，“写”属于输出技能， 也是较难的一个技能。通过对学生论文进行分析， 笔者发现，从总体上来看，学生对英语基础知识的 掌握仍不牢固，论文中出现了大量的语法错误，严 重制约了他们的语言表达能力。
(二) 学生学术水平较低
众所周知,学术论文写作无论是在整体结构上 还是在语言使用上都与普通作文有所不同。尽管 许多高校都开设有学术论文写作课，但许多学生对 学术论文写作概念十分模糊，仍然不清楚应该做什 么，应该怎样做。尤其是复制比超过30%的学生 甚至在总体介绍及参考文献部分进行复制抄袭，可 见其并未真正理解什么是论文写作，就连论文中的 参考文献部分基本结构都不清楚。
(三) 学生信息技术能力不高
通过对学生复制来源分析，大部分的资料来源 于研究生的毕业论文以及网络资料。另外，学生在 文献综述部分，大部分的文献都来自中文文献，而 且通过访谈，许多学生都反映找不到英文文献。总 所周知，文献搜索技能在学术论文写作中是必不可 少的，不仅需要找到相关文献，更是需要对这些文 献进行综合评述。但通过调查，许多学生所使用的 搜索方式集中于中国知网以及百度两种，这也导致 了他们收集的资料较为单一。
(四) 指导教师对学生的论文写作指导不够
许多学生的论文在提交检测时仍然发现不少 的问题，如论文整体结构以及语法方面存在许多的 问题。甚至有学生的论文复制比达到96%。由此 可以看出，除了学生本身存在的问题以外，指导教 师对学生的指导也存在疏忽，没有发挥真正意义上 的指导以及监督的作用。
四、总结
通过对学术不端检测报告单以及学生的访谈 分析，不难看出，英语专业本科生毕业论文撰写存 在许多的问题。学生的论文复制比高与其学术论 文写作能力以及资料搜索、整理等多方面的能力都 有关系。另外，指导教师的指导监督力度不够也造 成了学生对论文写作不重视，态度不端正的情况。对此问题的解决，不仅需要相关任课教师，论文指 导教师以及学生的共同努力,更需要学校建立健全 相关制度来加大监管力度。
篇（8）
英语毕业论文的格式 还有提纲的格式
similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, . And it can be clearly seen in the below examples:(1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)3. The differences between English idioms a．英语毕业论文提纲格式英语毕业论文开题报告提纲怎么写英语毕业论文的提纲，帮忙~急。小学生学习英语兴趣 毕业论文提纲英语毕业论文提纲我是英语专业的 要写毕业论文了 请帮忙提供下论文的格式 比如分几部分什么的
《体育科学》杂志的论文格式是怎么样的？
篇（9）
中图分类号：G642.0 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1674-9324（2013）22-0196-03
长期以来英语教学的目标和方法一直是我国大学英语，尤其是专业英语教学所探讨的一个问题。多年以来的应试教育已经给受教育者留下了难以学以致用的问题。不少人拿到四、六级证书依然不能跟外国人交流，不能用英文写作，成了一个语言的拿证者却无法动笔动嘴的“人才”（林莉兰，2006）！已有一些从事英语教学与教育的工作者专门讨论过这方面的问题（田强等，2006；王晓军，2005；张翼翼，2006；贾国栋，2006；周爽等2006）。本文根据我院这几年来在专业英语和专业课双语教学的教学实践，尤其是让工科本科生用英语进行毕业论文写作和进行论文答辩的实践教学尝试，从英语教学延伸和应用的实效性角度探讨了如何检验大学英语教学的效果，如何确定英语教学目标，以及实现这种目标的方法。我们中国地质大学（北京）能源学院一直在专业英语和双语教学的手段和实效性方面进行着探讨。2004年我院获得了学校在“工科教学基地”项目上的资助。为配合国家在石油领域“走出去”的可持续发展战略、培养具有英语实用水平的工科本科毕业生也成了我院教学工作的一个重要任务和目标。我们利用我院大部分教师都有在国外留学、进修和培训方面的经历这个优势，积极开展了密切结合专业的专业英语和双语教学的教学实践。我们鼓励用先进的教学理念进行大胆实践，积累教学经验。在2006届部分工科毕业生中让部分同学用英语进行论文写作和答辩，通过导师的指导，试图将其作为专业英语和双语教学在专业实践方面的延伸。这样做，一方面是希望通过用英语进行论文的撰写和答辩提高同学们英文应用水平，另一方面也为同学们毕业后进入企业或科研岗位、甚至走出国门打下良好的基础。在这次试点中我们在我院资源勘查工程和石油工程两个专业选取了几名优秀学生，从毕业论文写作到答辩全程采用英语。这对学生提出了比较高的要求，要求学生比较熟练或基本掌握专业英语的语法、专业词汇、写作技巧和写作规范等多方面的知识。当然，表达能力也能在答辩的过程中得到充实和提高，对话能力在提问过程中也能实践、发挥和检验。从论文写作和答辩的结果来看，这次尝试是成功的。这几名同学论文的写作用词和语法正确，论文宣读及回答问题都比较清晰流利。同学们和指导教师都从中受到了鼓舞，说明我院的专业英语和双语教学取得了明显的成效。归纳起来，这几年来我们在专业英语和双语教学实践中做法、尝试以及同学们的反馈包括以下几个方面。
一、专业英语和双语课教材
在我院的专业英语和专业课“双语教学”实践中，学院要求在国际通用性的专业课方面应尽量使用外文原版教材，采取多种方式使用外文教材。如专业英语课在教材选用上的做法是从国外的原版教科书上找到适合同学英文能力的相关文章进行讲授；环境地质学和现代试井分析双语课使用了原版的英文教材。
二、授课方法
专业英语授课过程中不是满堂灌，而是让同学自己阅读翻译和讲解，一方面可以检测同学是否预习，另一方面发现同学们在哪些方面存在理解有误的地方，再有重点、有针对性地进行讲解。这种方法效果较好，既激发了同学们学习专业英语的兴趣，同时也在实践中提升和改进了我们的专业英语教学法。在环境地质学和油藏工程这两门课双语教学中，老师以中文和英文交叉、结合进行综合讲解，让所有同学参与到教学中来。让同学们上台用英语讲解自己的观点和见解，大家对一些有争议的问题共同用英语讨论，共同学习。在实践过程中帮助同学们克服了在众人面前讲英语的恐惧心理。在交流沟通过程中英语听说能力得到了提高。这种教学过程是实践“课堂教学应以学生为中心”的教学理念的有效形式。
三、双语课在提高学生学习英语兴趣和水平中的作用
有的同学说，起初对双语教学就有几分好奇，而在刚接触到双语教学课程时，没想到却有些不适应，在经过一段时间的学习之后，发现双语教学比一般的外语教学更能激发兴趣，至少与普通外语教学相比是这样的。双语教学在我院还正在全面展开，可以说现阶段还是处在尝试阶段，但我们确实能体会到它的可行性、有效性和必要性。有的同学还说，大学四年的学业已结束，总感觉以前的外语课还没能使我们的听说读写能力加强多少，反倒是在接受过双语教学之后，发现自己的外语水平有很大提高，课堂上的师生互动使我们敢于用英语和他人进行交流。
四、用英文进行毕业论文写作的作用
用英文进行毕业论文写作能让学生更多的掌握英语的实用知识，可以提高学生学习英语的积极性。与普通的英语学习不同，毕业设计关乎学生的学士学位，学生对它的重视程度会大大提高，特别是专业英语知识。用英文进行毕业论文写作涉及到英语知识的方方面面，从单词的词义到句法的运用，再到成篇构思甚至语言的概括表达。写作的过程就是英语知识的再现和学习效果的过程，也就是提高英语水平的实践过程。同学们说在毕业论文的外国文献翻译过程中，深刻地感受到了专业英语的重要性。尽管我国的科技水平提高得很快，但是在石油工程领域，我国的科技水平仍与国外的先进水平有一定的差距，所以，客观上要求同学们现在和以后不得不有直接阅读外文专业文献的能力，从国外先进的技术中找到我们需要的知识，为我们的国家服务。
五、用英语进行毕业论文答辩的作用
答辩材料的准备和台上的演讲，这些都需要较高的口语能力，经历了这次答辩，不仅提高了口语的表达能力，最重要的是同学们有了勇气去说出英语，这是最大的收获，也是同学们学习语言的最终目的――交流。用英语进行答辩的目标和过程对于提高学生交际能力和综合应用语言能力有重要意义。
六、专业英语与就业的关系
随着我国改革开放程度的不断加深，以及中国加入了世界贸易组织，大量的国外企业涌入中国投资，设立公司，而英语是国际公认的通用语言，因此需要大量双语人才。同学们已注意到在这一届的毕业生找工作的时间段内，越来越多的外国或外资企业也来到我们学校召开宣讲会，希望可以招聘到合适的有能力的毕业生加入他们的公司。招聘的第一道门槛就是英语能力，这恰恰是我们过去的软肋。还有石油领域的国有企业进军海外的石油开发项目越来越多，同样需要大量懂英语的大学毕业生。同学们说“既然这方面的缺口这么大，我们更应该提高我们的英语能力，这既是对市场需求的响应，同时使我们以后的就业前景更光明更广阔”。我们认为大学英语教学目标，不是过四、六级英语考试，而是“可以用英文进行毕业论文写作和答辩”。这个目标里面自然包含了“听、说”能力，并且体现了学生综合应用英语的能力。专业英语和专业课双语教学是实现这个教学目的的有效手段。实践中可对低年级同学较早提出这个目标来引起他们在思想上的重视，从而通过综合效应实现大学英语教学水平的提高。当然，目前还只是少数同学具备这样培养的条件。
鸣谢：本文在成文过程中得到了我校长宣教授的指点和帮助，深表谢意。
参考文献：
[1]林莉兰.大学英语口语教学刍议[J].中国高等教育，2006，（5）.
[2]田强，李洁红，李小红.略论英语教育与几种基本教育概念的关系[J].科教论坛，2006，（1）.
[3]田强.关于我国英语教育的“应试教育”模式的反思[J].科教论坛，2006，（1）.
[4]王晓军.贯彻“大学英语课程教学要求”提高英语教学质量[J].中国地质教育，2005，（1）.
篇（10）
中文题目
分析《看不见的人》中主人公的成长三部曲
英文题目
AnAnalysisoftheTrilogyofProtagonist’sGrowthinInvisibleMan
开题报告内容
1.选题背景（含国内外相关研究综述及评价）与意义。
对于成长和成长类型的小说，国外学者的理论研究层出不穷，如《麦田里的守望者》，《棕色的姑娘，棕色的砖房》等这些成长小说都有专门对它们的成长研究的相关文章。相比之下，我国以前的文学研究则有意无意忽视了成长小说，但近年来评论界对成长小说的重视有所加强。如我国就有芮渝萍的《美国成长小说研究》，专门对美国的成长小说做了系统全面的研究；还有周海燕的《论〈看不见的人〉的布鲁斯象征》对小说中布鲁斯的象征做了研究。
国外学者对《看不见的人》这部小说的主人公成长的研究还未专门涉及，国内学者对《看不见的人》的研究主要侧重于他的民族身份以及主人公的个性觉醒方面，例如唐晓钟的《文化冲突中寻求真正的存在－拉尔夫·埃里森〈看不见的人〉创作简论》也对《看不见的人》的找寻自我及存在方面提出了自己的观点和见解。但是关于这部小说的主人公的成长的研究却很少专门涉及。
论文具有一定的新颖性、学术性、现实性、前沿性、针对性，学术界越来越重视研究成长类型小说的成长过程，也希望能对《看不见的人》中主人公的成长过程提出自己的见解和观点，丰富对这一小说的研究。论文与社会、生活相结合，在研究小说主人公的成长过程方面与人们生活息息相关，有利于人们更好地体会生活，体验社会。
2.选题研究的方法与主要内容。
1、在收集资料，阅读相关文献的基础上，与指导教师讨论，共同确定选题，列出论文提纲，并拟采用比较法，分析法，推导论述法等方法进行论文撰写。
2、该论文主要从三个部分来研究《看不见的人》中主人公从迷惑，成长到顿悟的过程，通过分析综合总结的研究方法，试图从分析主人公认识到他自己以及所有黑人在白人社会中的不可见性以及黑人青年在白人社会中成长的艰辛方面，就揭示主人公从无知到成熟的成长过程的论题进行深入的探讨，皆在实现提出自己对《看不见的人》中主人公的成长过程的见解和观点，丰富国内外对成长类型小说研究的目的。
3.研究条件及可能存在的问题。
通过专业学习，具备基本英语语言技能和专业知识，拥有所选课题需要的部分资料和相关理论书籍，校图书馆和网络有丰富的资料可查询。同时，有导师的指导和帮助，能够顺利完成论文写作。
对于论文，可能存在的问题有相关文献和著作收集不足；理论理解、分析不够深刻、透彻；理论研究较为肤浅；理论联系实际不够；缺乏充分、全面的实践证明等问题。但论文尽量减少类似问题发生，尽量完善各方面。
参考文献：
Ellison，Ralph.InvisibleMan.Beijing：ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress，2000.
Philips，Elizabeth.RalphEllison’sInvisibleMan.Beijing：ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress，1997.
Pizer，Donald.TheCambridgecompaniontoAmericanRealismandNaturalism.Shanghai：ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress，1997.
芮渝萍.美国成长小说研究.北京：中国社会出版社，2004.
拉尔夫·艾里森.看不见的人.任邵曾译，北京：外国文学出版社，1984.
唐晓钟.文化冲突中寻求真正的存在－拉尔夫·埃里森《看不见的人》创作简论.南京师范大学报，1990，1：107-111.
周海燕.论《看不见的人》的布鲁斯象征.浙江万里学报，2006，4：13-16.
4.拟解决的主要问题和预期效果。
论文主要试图研究《看不见的人》中主人公的成长过程，通过比较分析，归纳分析，推导论述的方法，从主人公迷惑、成长到顿悟过程的三个方面，分析黑人青年在白人社会中的不可见和黑人青年成长的艰辛的过程，从而探究在当时社会黑人处境的艰难和内心的蜕化，最终按照学士学位毕业论文的要求，完成3000到5000词左右的论文，并顺利通过答辩。
计划起止时间完成主要任务
2010年10月13日——2010年10月20日论文准备工作
2010年10月30日——2010年11月30日论文选题和收集资料
2010年12月1日——2010年12月20日开题报告、任务书和论文提纲填写
2011年1月1日——2011年3月15日完成论文初稿
2011年3月20日——2011年4月26日修改论文并定稿
2011年5月下旬——2011年6月论文答辩及其他工作
指导教师审核意见
论文主要研究《看不见的人》中主人公的成长过程，学生在写作过程中应认真查阅相关资料，运用综合分析等方式深入探讨主人公成长过程三部曲，并提出黑人在白人社会中的不可见性以及黑人青年在白人社会中成长的艰辛。该论文写作应严格按照进度计划进行，论文格式应该完全符合论文写作规范，并在规定时间内完成论文、顺利通过答辩。
指导教师签名：
年月日
本科毕业论文（设计）任务书
中文题目
分析《看不见的人》中主人公的成长三部曲
英文题目
AnAnalysisoftheTrilogyofProtagonist’sGrowthinInvisibleMan
题目来源
教师科研项目教师指定√学生自拟其他
基本任务
与要求
论文主题是分析《看不见的人》中主人公的成长三部曲，研究方向是英美文学方向。通过比较分析，归纳分析，推导论述的方法，从主人公迷惑、成长到顿悟过程的三个方面，结合社会背景，分析黑人青年在白人社会中的不可见和黑人青年成长的艰辛的过程，从而探究在当时社会黑人处境的艰难和内心的蜕化。严格规范论文格式，严禁抄袭。
拟解决主要问题及预期成果
论文从主人公的成长着手，研究主人公从迷惑、成长到顿悟的三个成长过程，分析主人公认识到他自己以及所有黑人在白人社会中的不可见性以及黑人青年在白人社会中成长的艰辛，揭示当时社会黑人处境的艰难和内心的蜕化。
写论文过程中可能出现的问题有：参考资料不足，理论研究较为肤浅，论文容易出现分析不够的现象。
在规定时间内完成字数在3000到5000字以内的关于分析《看不见的人》中主人公的成长三部曲的论文。
阶段性主要工作的起止时间
1.准备工作2010.10.13起6.论文撰写2011.1月起
2.选题2010.10.30-11.157.完成初稿2011.3.15
3.资料收集2010.11.16-11.308.修改、定稿2011.4.26
4.开题报告2010.12.1-12.159.答辩2011.5月下旬
5.论文大纲2010.12.16-12.2010.其他工作2011.6月
学生完成论文最终时间：2011年4月26日
学生接受任务时间：2010年11月16日学生签名：
指导教师签名：
