时间:2022-02-11 16:23:25
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在阿拉伯的穆斯林食品中,羊肉是最常吃的肉类。多年的饮食习惯使埃及的普通老百姓都对吃羊肉的好处了如指掌。记者在街上随便问了几个埃及人,他们一口气就说出了吃羊肉的几大好处,如温补脾胃、调治气虚、增热御寒、壮阳生精等。他们还告诉记者,冬天吃羊肉效果更好,可治疗老弱病人腰酸腿软、咳嗽、尿频及风湿性感冒等。
为了验证这些说法,记者采访了开罗一家营养咨询中心的资深营养专家马迪。马迪说,这些说法确实具有一定的道理。羊肉中含有丰富的蛋白质和维生素,尤其是维生素B1和B2,同时富含烟酸以及铜、锌、钙、磷、铁等多种矿物质和营养成分。其中,铜和锌的含量大大超过了其他肉类。
很多人喜欢吃肉,却担心其中的胆固醇含量过高。马迪说,吃羊肉就不用担心这个问题。因为羊肉中的脂肪和胆固醇含量与其他肉类相比较低。例如,100克不同种类的瘦肉中,鸡肉含胆固醇117毫克,牛肉106毫克,兔肉83毫克,鸭肉80毫克,猪肉77毫克,羊肉65毫克。此外,羊肉含钙量很高,每100克羊肉含钙15毫克,比牛肉多50%以上。它的含铁量也极为丰富,每100克羊肉含铁3毫克,比牛肉多1倍,比猪肉多4倍。
据记者了解,我国传统中医理论中,也记载了很多羊肉的好处,如益肾气、开胃健力、助益产妇、通乳治带、增强消化功能、保护胃壁等。由于肾是衰老之本,因此,常吃具有补肾作用的羊肉能延缓衰老。我国元代医学家曾认为:“羊肉甘热,能补血之虚。”明代著名的医学家李时珍在《本草纲目》中也说,羊肉能“补中益气,安心止痛,主治虚劳寒冷”。在寒冷的冬季,多吃羊肉对人体健康具有一定的促进作用。
吃法以烤制为主
埃及人在羊肉的吃法上通常有煎羊肉配芸豆、羊排、羊肉末面条、羊肉饼、焖羊肉块、烤羊肉串、红烧羊肉块、煎羊肝等;而烤全羊则是他们最高档次的羊肉佳肴。具体做法是,把一只肥嫩的羔羊除去头脚,掏空内脏,塞满大米饭、葡萄干、杏仁、橄榄、松子等干果和调料,放在火上烤。
在埃及,吃烤全羊是富人的专利,普通老百姓中,有两种吃法最普及,即“想我了吗”和“烤爸爸”。这都是从阿语直译过来的谐音。“想我了吗”是烤肉的一种。通常是在临街的餐馆外,有一个状似金字塔的烤肉架。被炙烤的肉随铁柱子转动,烤熟一层,就削去一层。把肉夹在饼里,添加西红柿、酸黄瓜、洋葱食用。
“虚坐尽后,食坐尽前。”在一般情况下,要坐得比尊者长者靠后一些,以示谦恭;“食坐尽前”,是指进食时要尽量坐得靠前一些,靠近摆放馔品的食案,以免不慎掉落的食物弄脏了座席。
“食至起,上客起,让食不唾。”宴饮开始,馔品端上来时,作客人的要起立;在有贵客到来时,其他客人都要起立,以示恭敬。主人让食,要热情取用,不可置之不理。
“客若降等,执食兴辞。主人兴辞于客,然后客坐。”如果来宾地位低于主人,必须双手端起食物面向主人道身,等主人寒暄完毕之后,客人方可入席落座。
“主人延客祭,祭食,祭所先进,殽之序,遍祭之。”进食之前,等馔品摆好之后,主人引导客人行祭。食祭于案,酒祭于地,先吃什么就先用什么行祭,按进食的顺序遍祭。
“三饭,主人延客食,然后辨殽,客不虚口。”所谓“三饭”,指一般的客人吃三小碗饭后便说饱了,须主人劝让才开始吃肉。
兄云:做人之道为公证、孝敬、和蔼、温顺、怜悯、不怒报恩、知耻、谨慎勤奋。
虽不聪慧机智,如有这些,一切人皆能中意,亲属亦安泰。非做人之道是偏袒、暴戾、轻浮、、忘恩、无同情心、易怒、骄傲、懒惰。身上若有这些毛病,一切人皆不会中意。”
松赞干布制定的《十六净法》中,把孝敬父母、恭敬有德、尊长敬老、诚爱亲友、正直无欺等作为重要内容,对藏族的伦理礼仪习俗的形成产生了深远的影响。
藏族的饮食礼仪深刻地反映着藏族的伦理精神。平时,家人和邻里和睦相处,尊老爱幼,诚信待人。家中酿了好酒,头道酒“羌批”(酒新chang-phud)敬献神灵后,首先由老人品尝。每年收割新粮食,尝新也是老人们的“专利”。日常家庭就餐,由主妇掌勺分发食物时,首先是为长者盛,然后全家围聚火塘旁进餐,其乐融融。藏族人十分好客,待客热情周道,若有宾朋登门,定会倾其所有,拿出好酒好茶好菜盛情款待。
藏族饮茶和饮酒礼俗很多。平时在家喝茶各自用自己的茶碗,不能随便用他人的碗。喝茶时,碗中的茶不能随便喝干,而是喝一半或一大半,斟满后再喝,最后结束喝茶时也不能全部喝干,而要留下少许,表示茶永远喝不完,财富充足,寓意颇深。若客人到来,女主人会取出珍藏的擦拭得光亮照人的瓷碗摆放于客人面前,端起茶壶轻轻摇晃数次(壶底须低于桌面),斟满酥油茶后双手端碗躬身献给客人。客人接茶后不能急匆匆张口就饮,而是缓缓吹开浮油,饮啜数次后碗内留下约一半,将茶碗放于桌上,女主人会续满,客人不能立刻端起就饮,而是在主人一次次敦请下边同主人拉话边慢慢啜饮。客人每次饮茶后主人会很快添满,使茶碗保持盈满状态。客人至,一般需饮茶3碗,只喝1碗就不吉利,藏谚道:“一碗成仇!”喝茶时不能必出“唏、唏”的声音,更不能将碗里的茶部喝光,否则会被视为没有教养。
藏族饮酒的礼仪和习俗极为丰富。每酿新酒,必先以“酒新”敬神,然后依循“长幼有序”的古训首先向家中的长才敬酒,其后家人才能畅饮。在节日婚庆或众多人聚会场合,饮酒一般是先向德高望重的长者敬献,然后按顺时外方向依次敬酒。敬酒者一般应用双手捧酒杯举过头顶,敬献给受酒者,特别对长者更是如此。而受酒者先双手接过酒杯,然后用左手托住,再用右手的无名指轻轻地蘸上杯中的酒,向空中弹一下,如此反复三次,有的人口中还要轻声念出“扎西德勒平松措……”等吉样的祝词,然后再饮。弹酒三次是对天、地、神的敬奉和对佛法僧三宝的祈祝。
饮酒时不能一饮而尽,而要遵循“松珍夏达”(gsum--sgron--zhobs--dag)的“三口一杯”制。在弹酒敬神后,受酒者应先饮一口,敬酒者续满酒杯,受酒者第三次饮一口斟满后将杯中酒一饮而尽。滴酒不剩者,才是最有诚意的。聚会饮酒时酒器是大家共用的,能在一起饮酒者,其关第可视为一家人,亲同手足,因此饮酒时不能分用酒具,否则被视为外或瞧不起。在过去,屠夫、铁匠、天葬师等所谓从事“下层职业”者一般不与大家共用酒杯,他们总是自带碗杯,各自单独饮用。
有酒就有歌,聚会饮酒时,歌是必不可少的。向他人敬酒时,敬酒人一般要唱酒歌。若不唱,受酒者可以拒绝饮用。敬酒人献上酒,受酒者接过酒杯,即可要求敬酒人唱酒歌。有时敬酒者斟满杯中酒,走到宾客前即开始唱酒歌,唱到一半时,再将酒杯敬上,唱完酒歌再履行弹酒仪式及饮酒。在许多地区还流行罚酒制度,一般分“角羌”(mgyogs--chang)、“过羌”(vgor--chang),“替羌”(thigs--chang)等形式。所谓“角羌”意为快酒,即在敬酒者尚未唱完酒歌之前,饮酒人提前将杯中酒过快饮干。唱酒歌时,杯中没酒认为是不礼貌的,故而需罚酒一坏。所谓“过羌”意为慢酒,即在敬酒人已唱完歌之后,饮酒人还未饮完杯中之酒,被视为反应迟钝,也要罚酒。“替羌”意为滴酒,即在敬酒者唱完酒歌时,饮酒人也正好将杯中酒饮掉,但在杯底还剩有少许酒,哪怕是几滴,也要罚酒。人们认为杯中剩酒,是对敬酒者的不尊重或是无诚意,对这样的人要给予惩罚。不会饮酒的人,可以说理由,一般不会强迫饮酒,而藏族社会上很少有不会饮酒之人。如果敬酒者唱过洒歌后,有人偷偷地将酒倒掉,将被视为极端无礼的行为,会招致来历的处罚。以上罚酒是对饮酒者而言的。若敬酒人唱酒歌时将歌词唱错或是忘记歌词等,也要罚酒一杯。有时,敬酒者唱的酒歌极其出色,饮酒人可以接过酒杯,反过来向敬酒者献酒,这杯酒则称为“勒羌”(legs-chang),意为好酒,表示对敬酒者歌唱的赞赏,在座者会一致要求唱歌者饮下这杯好酒。饮酒接近尾声时,若将酒器中的酒倒在酒杯中,正好满了,则为大吉大利的征兆。酒器中往往还能空出几滴酒,则将其倒入手中,抹到自己的头顶上,认为会给自己带来福分与吉祥。饮酒给欢聚的人们带来无穷的乐趣。人们会想方设法制造各种机会使对方陷入圈套,让他多喝酒,或是多唱酒歌。
藏族酒歌曲调悠扬,优美动听,内容多为祝福,赞美之辞。敬酒人有时边唱边舞,声情并茂,也有即举演唱的,诙谐幽默。
要么就请喝酒,
要么就请唱歌。
饮酒唱歌之间,
任你挑选一个,
请听吧,文成公主,
请喝吧,伦波噶瓦。
要么饮酒,要么唱歌,二者必居其一。酒歌还请出了最受藏族人敬爱的文成公主和名臣噶尔·东赞域松来劝酒,不善饮酒者也定会举杯豪饮。
我们在此相聚,
祈愿永不分离。
祝福聚会的人们,
永远无灾无疾。
这是一首流传很广的酒歌,在各地都能听到。酒歌歌词简朴却饱含深情,表现了人们对欢聚的祈盼与珍视,并表达了人们对无病无灾美好生活的向往与深深祝福。
藏族的饮食禁忌中反遇在忌食某些类别的食物和对锅灶火塘的禁忌上。
在食肉方面,藏族禁忌较多。一般人只吃牛羊肉,而绝不吃马、驴、骡、狗肉,有的人连鸡肉、猪肉和鸡蛋也不食用。鱼、虾、蛇、鳝以及海鲜类食品,除部分城镇居民(大多为青年)少量食用外,广大农区和特区的群众一般不食。兔子肉部分地方可食,但孕妇不得食用,据说违禁食用生下的孩子会成豁嘴。即使是吃牛羊肉,也不能吃当天宰杀的鲜肉,必须要过一天才食。当天宰杀的肉称为“宁夏”(意为“日肉”nyin--sha),人们认为牲畜虽已宰杀,但其灵魂尚存,必须过一天后灵魂才会离开躯体。对鸟类、山鸡藏族从不捕食,尤其如“拉恰贡姆”(lha-bya-gong-mo)这样的雪山鸡藏族人视之为神鸟,忌讳捕猎。
在肉食禁忌中,忌食鱼肉的情况较为复杂,忌食与否与地域密切相关。在藏东地区,人们几乎不食鱼,也不能触摸蛇、蛙等动物,认为鱼、蛙这些水生动物是龙神的宠物,若伤害或触摸会染上疾病。人们一般认为藏族不食鱼是受佛教不杀生观念的影响所致,而藏东地区不食鱼却有着悠久的历史和古老的传统。昌都卡若遗址靠近澜沧江,至今鱼产丰富,却未在遗址中发现钓钩、鱼标、网坠等渔猎工具,也未发现鱼骨。这一现象是耐人寻味的。因此,考古专家们推测,卡若居民们(即藏东藏族的远古先民们)当时就有以鱼作为“禁忌食物”(TabooFood)的习惯,不食鱼的观念和习俗在佛教传入后进一步得到强化,以致藏东居民至今普遍不食鱼。
然后,雅鲁藏布江流域同藏东三江流域的情况却大为不同。雅鲁藏布江最大支流拉萨河流域的曲贡新石器时代遗址发现了民们从事渔猎生产的网坠,还有鱼骨。雅鲁藏布江的又一支流尼洋河流域与雅鲁藏布江交汇处的居木遗址、云星遗址、红光和加拉马等遗址和采集点均发现了捕鱼的网坠,如居木遗址采集到网坠3件。网坠“皆用扁平砾石加工而成。分两式,一式将扁平砾石侧打成两缺口;另一式将扁平砾石四周打成四个缺口。”这一现象说明,腹心地区雅鲁藏布江流域广阔范围内的藏族先民曾从事渔猎生产活动,普遍存在食鱼习俗。
藏族食鱼、蛙的习俗是因地而异、因时而异的。诸多藏籍记载了吐蕃王统史上的一段有趣的史实。据史载,第29代赞仲宁德如娶塔布之地(塔布系一古地名,今山南桑日以东加查和林芝朗县一带)女子秦萨鲁杰为王妃,生一肓子名麦龙衮巴扎。王妃初来时容貌妖好,后来日渐憔悴苍老。赞普问其故王妃说她吃不到家乡的一种病退食物故而变丑变老。赞普让其速云备办此食物。王妃乃命心腹婢回故乡,油炸了许多青蛙带回王宫,藏于内库,取而食之,不久又容光焕发,美貌如前。赞普心想这种食物竟有如此之殊胜功效,也想取食,趁王妃不在时入府库查看,发现这些食物原来是酥油炸青蛙,足足装了几袋。赞普犯了忌讳,患了麻风病。最后赞普和王妃夫妻二人活着进入坟墓,葬于象达地方。有诗云:“仲宁王陵在象达,名为圆形活葬墓。”王和妃入墓前,叮嘱王子要供奉好“宁布桑瓦”的神异宝贝,请名医开启肓眼以掌国政。王子遵其嘱,延请名医治愈眼疾,睁眼时正看见对面虎山上羱羊在奔走,遂取名“达日宁斯”,(意为“虎山见羱羊”)。达日宁斯(又译作“达日年塞”、“达日宁塞”等)便是大名鼎鼎的第30代赞普,即松赞干布的祖父。
在中国古代,在饭、菜的食用上都有严格的规定,通过饮食礼仪体现等级区别。如王公贵族讲究“牛宜秩,羊宜黍,象直穆,犬宜粱,雁直麦,鱼宜涨,凡君子食恒放焉”。而贫民的日常饭食则以豆饭藿羹为主,“民之所食,大抵豆饭藿羹”。有菜肴二十余种。“凡王之馈,食用六百,膳用六牲,饮用六清,羞用百有二十品,珍用八物,酱用百有二十瓮”。这告诉我们,进献王者的饮食要符合一定的礼教。《礼记·礼器》曰:“礼有以多为贵者,天子之豆二十有六,诸公十有六,诸侯十有二,上大夫八,下大夫六。”而民间平民的饮食之礼则“乡饮酒之礼,六十者三豆,七十者四豆,八十者五豆,九十者六豆,所以明养老也”。乡饮酒,是乡人以时会聚饮酒之礼,在这种庆祝会上,最受恭敬的是长者。
礼产生于饮食,同时又严格约束饮食活动。不仅讲求饮食规格,而且连菜肴的摆投也有规则,《礼记·曲礼》说:“凡进食之礼,左肴右被,食居人之左,羹居人之右。脍炙处外,疏酱处内,葱片处右,酒浆处右。以脯俗置者,左朐右末。”译成现代的文字,就是说,凡是陈设便餐,带骨的菜肴放在左边,切的纯肉放在右边。干的食品菜肴靠着人的左手方,羹汤放在靠右手方。细切的和烧烤的肉类放远些,醋和酱类放在近处。蒸葱等伴料放在旁边,酒浆等饮料和羹汤放在同一方向。如果要分陈干肉、牛脯等物,则弯曲的在左,挺直的在右。这套规则在《礼记·少仪》中也有详细记载。上菜时,要用右手握持,而托捧于左手上;上鱼肴时,如果是烧鱼,以鱼尾向着宾客;冬天鱼肚向着宾客的右方,夏大鱼脊向宾客的右方。
在用饭过程中,也有一套繁文缛礼。《礼记·曲礼》载:“共食不饱,共饭不择手,毋搏饭,毋放饭,毋流歌,毋咤食,毋啮骨。毋反鱼肉,毋投与狗骨。毋固获,毋扬饭,饭黍毋以箸,毋捉羹,毋刺齿。客絮羹,主人辞不能烹。客歉醢,主人辞以篓。濡肉齿决,于内不齿决。毋嘬炙。卒食,客自前跪,撤饭齐以授相者,主人兴辞于客,然后客坐。”这段话的大意是讲:大家共同吃饭时,不可只顾自己吃饱。如果和别人一起吃饭,就要检查手的清洁。不要用手搓饭团,不要把多余的饭放进锅中,不要喝得满嘴淋漓,不要吃得喷喷作声,不要啃骨头,不要把咬过的鱼肉又放回盘碗里,不要把肉骨头扔给狗。不要专据食物,也不要簸扬着热饭,吃黍蒸的饭用手而不用箸,不可以大口囫囵的喝汤,也不要当着主人的面调和菜汤。不要当众剔牙齿,也不要喝瞻渍的肉酱。
如果有客人在调和菜汤,主人就要道歉,说是烹调得不好;如果客人喝到酱类的食品,主人也要道歉,说是备办的食物不够。湿软的肉可以用牙齿咬断,于肉就得用手分食。吃炙肉个要撮作一把来嚼。吃饭完毕,客人应起身向前收拾桌上盛行瞻债物的碟子交给旁边伺侯的主人,主人跟着起身,请客人不要劳动,然后,客人再坐下。
在南方,人们以年糕、元宵、松糕、粽子以及鱼、肉、蛋、菜为美味。除夕多吃年糕和元宵。元宵也叫“团子”、“圆子”即汤圆,取“全家团圆”之意。年糕多用糯米做成,取生产和生活“年年高”之意。
吃年夜饭之前,旧时一般还先要祭祖,将食物分出少许,献给祖先,以示纪念。午夜钟声一响,辞岁礼开始,全家向祖先灵位行礼致敬,子女们依长幼之序向长辈行礼辞岁。小辈可从长辈那里收到“压岁钱”即“押祟钱”,寓意镇压“邪祟”。
正月初一,人们早早起来,相互祝福。早餐北方人吃饺子,南方人吃汤圆等,几乎全国各地都要吃年糕,“黏”字与“年”字谐音,而“年”字本来是谷物成熟的意思,吃黏糕寓意一年收成更比一年好,一年更比一年高。现在已通称年糕了。吃罢早饭,人们穿上新装,到亲戚朋友、左邻右舍家去拜年,预祝在新的一年里万事如意。每家都会以瓜子、花生、糖果等零食招待客人。这一天,人们吃的大多是节前准备好的食物,即取其“有余”之意。北方大多吃馒头,南方还是以米饭为主。
除了以上礼仪习俗外,各地、各民族还以自己地区独特的风味食品庆祝春节,增加了春节的热烈气氛。
台湾人欢度春节要吃新鲜西瓜,以庆贺新年新岁。全家人围炉聚餐,品尝水酒和菜肴。菜肴大多取名吉利,如萝卜叫“菜头”,寓意为“彩头”;“鸡”是闽南语“家”的谐音,隐寓为“食鸡起家”;还有一种茎与叶子较长的“长年菜”,表示长生不老等。
湖北部分地区流行“压甑饭”。当地居民从农历正月初一起,数天内不做生米饭,谓之吃存有余。由于是除夕这天各家煮好的够几天吃的饭,俗称“压甑饭”。
四川西部一带,正月初一,按习俗每家都要吃一顿面条,谓之“吃长寿面”。相传汉东方朔云,彭祖寿长,活到八百,因是脸长之故。“脸”亦称“面”,“脸长”可称“面长”,因此吃长条面寓意人长寿。民间走访亲友,还多以挂面为馈赠礼物。
浙江西部地区,每年正月初一,各家都准备丰盛的茶点,如花生、核桃、榧子、瓜子、炒米糖、冰米糖等,依次邀请亲友或邻里到家饮茶,以增进友谊,加强团结,称之为“请大年”。
侗族,大年初一必吃鱼。这天清早他们从池塘里捕几条又大又鲜的鲤鱼,或煎、或炸、或烧、或炖,制成不同风味的菜肴,配上一盘香气四溢的腌鱼,整桌菜以鱼为主。春节吃鱼,预示新的一年吉庆有鱼(余),五谷丰登,余钱余粮。
达斡尔族的男女青年,在大年初一早上梳洗打扮完毕,先向长辈行礼、请安、敬酒,然后逐户拜年。而每家都备有年糕,拜年的人一进门就抢着吃糕,取其“年年高”之意。
云南地区的壮族妇女,在初一清晨,身着新衣、鞋,到河渠挑水回家,手里拖着象征牛、马、猪、羊、狗、猫的石头,口里模仿着六畜叫声,寓意来年“六畜兴旺”。到家后将新水加红糖、竹叶、葱花、生姜,煮沸后,让全家和客人品尝,象征吉祥,相信喝了会使人聪明伶俐。
云南鹤庆地区的白族人,在节日里有去野外汲河水的习惯,称“汲春水”。初一那天全天吃米糕,称“吃熟年”。
海南岛的黎族,除夕早上,男人宰猪、鸡,妇女蒸年糕、煮年饭(或包粽子),下午封存压年米,傍晚摆设祭品,祀拜祖宗,祭毕吃年饭、喝年酒。新年初一闭门守家。早上给牛栏、猪圈、鸡窝等处送年糕。
我所知道的分鱼有两种版本——“家庭版”和“社会版”。
“家庭版”的分鱼是个经典的故事,饱含亲情与热泪:小时侯,家里生活拮据。难得一次吃鱼,亲爱的妈妈总是把鱼肉分给孩子,自己啃鱼骨头,微笑着说:“妈妈最喜欢吃鱼骨头了。”妈妈一直这样分鱼,孩子们信以为真,妈妈原来喜欢吃硬邦邦且带刺的鱼骨头。长大后,生活好转,经常吃鱼了。孩子们惊奇地发现,妈妈不再爱吃鱼骨头了。他们恍然大悟,妈妈这些年来一直在撒谎呵——这个故事并不稀奇。其实,撒谎的妈妈每个家庭都有一位,但并不是每个孩子最后都能明白妈妈为什么撒谎。
"社会版”的分鱼是个趣致的笑话,饱含幽默与智慧:敬爱的领导大筷一挥,把鱼眼剔出来,呈送给主客,曰“高看一眼”;把鱼骨头剔出来,赠给另一位贵客,曰“中流砥柱”。然后,他分配鱼嘴巴,叫做“唇齿相依”,分配鱼尾巴,叫做“委以重任”,分配鱼翅膀,叫做“展翅高飞”,分配鱼肚子,叫做“推心置腹”。格外细心的领导还能一筷子找准鱼腚——好象鱼也有三围——分给座中不怎么得意的一位,此谓之“定有后福”。
年初一喝糯米甜酒、吃汤圆(一种不带馅的元宵,煮时水里放糖),初二以后方能走亲访友,相互拜年,互赠的食品中有糍粑、粽子、米花糖等,一直延续到十五元宵,有些地方甚至到正月三十,整个春节才算结束。
三月三按过去的习俗为上坟扫墓的日子,届时家家户户都要派人携带五色糯米饭、彩蛋等到先祖坟头去祭祀、清扫墓地,并由长者宣讲祖传家史、族规,共进野餐。
还有的对唱山歌,热闹非凡。1940年后,这一传统已逐步发展到有组织的赛歌会,气氛更加隆重、热烈。其他节日食俗也都各有讲究,各具特色,比如中元吃鸭、端午吃粽、重阳吃粑等等。
壮族的粽子分为包米粽(用浸泡后的糯米包扎)和包糕粽(经浸好的糯米水磨成浆和过滤成“糕”后再包扎。
“包菜”也称“包生饭”,是三月三、四月八(牛魂节)许多壮族地区人们爱吃的节日食品。其方法新鲜别致,即用“包生菜”的宽嫩叶包上一小口饭,放入口中嚼吃。颇有独特风味。
壮族是个好客的民族,过去到壮族村寨任何一家作客的客人都被认为是全寨的客人,往往几家轮流请吃饭,有时一餐饭吃五、六家。不管远亲近邻来家做客,都要以礼相迎,热情接待。
波兰:波兰人临海却不爱吃虾及其他海味。他们对于酸辣、油腻食品也是敬而远之。他们特别忌食动物内脏,肝除外。
匈牙利:匈牙利人喜欢吃猪、牛肉及蛋类、鸡、鸭、鹅、鱼和猪肉、牛肝。喜欢香蕉等热带水果,爱喝葡萄酒、啤酒。他们喜欢油腻较浓、甜而微辣的菜,汤中爱放辣椒粉,饭宴常以喝光咖啡为结束。不吃奇形怪状的食物。除夕夜最忌讳吃鱼类和飞禽类食品。
保加利亚:保加利亚人早餐爱喝酸牛奶,重视午餐,茶量很大,但不喝汤,口味喜辣,较咸且油腻。保加利亚人对中国菜很感兴趣,象辣白菜、辣子肉丁、青椒肉丝、干烧明虾等都很爱吃。
罗马尼亚:罗马尼亚人主食为面食。偏重辣味,蔬菜一般爱用奶油烧。他们一年四季都离不开清凉饮料,喜欢汽水、啤酒、桔子汁等,盛夏时节饮料必须冰镇。
法国:从17世纪起,所谓西餐一般都指的是法国菜。法国人喜欢吃肥嫩的猪、牛、羊肉和各种香肠、虾、鱼、蛋、禽、牡蛎、蜗牛以及新鲜蔬菜。烹调中喜欢用大蒜、香草、蕃茄、丁香等为配料,花色品种繁多,他们和英国人一样爱喝清汤。法国是名酒白兰地、香槟的故乡。他们喝酒很讲究,一般吃肉类和家禽用舍利酒、麦台酒;野味用红酒;吃海味则饮白兰地;喝汤时配葡萄酒;各种水果和点心大都用甜酒。
1.Mealetiquette in China
Pre Meal Etiquette
Chinese people usually use round tables when dining. Seat is very important in Chinese dining etiquette. The main seat must be the inviter, the person who pays the bill. The main seat refers to the central position farthest from the door, also known as the main chair. Sitting opposite the main seat is the inviter's assistant, also known as the second chair. The chief guest and the second chief guest sit on the right and left side of the inviter or the host, and the third and fourth guests sit on the right and left side of the second chair. It is considered a faux pas to ask the inviter to sit opposite the guest or to sit the guest at the head of the table. The manner in Chinese culture is order to make guests not so nervous. A Chinese round table can usually accommodate about ten or twelve people, and the rest of the seats can be sat in no order. If sitting next to an elderly person or a woman, offer to help them sit down firstly.
In Meal Etiquette
(1)Rice and vegetables can be eat together, but soup class must be the last to drink. If there are a lot of dishes, people can eat them first and then rice, and finally drink soup.
(2)Chopsticks and spoons should be used strictly separately. The spoon is only used for soup. Only use chopsticks when eating noodles, and be sure to turn the spoon over after eating soup.
(3)Don't be picky about food. Don't just eat your favorite dishes, or rush to pile them on your plate. Eat gracefully, without touching your neighbor, without moving your plate to the table, and without spilling the soup. Don't make unnecessary noises.
(4)Don't overdo the dishes when you take them. To eat slowly, this is not only conducive to digestion, but also the table etiquette requirements. You should never cram large chunks into your mouth or gulp them down, as this will give the impression of greed. When the food on the plate is finished, if it is not enough, you can take it again. If the waiter points the dish, it is necessary to add, and then take it when the waiter serves. If you cannot eat or do not like to eat dishes, when the waiter or host dishes, do not refuse, desirable a small amount on the plate, and said "Thank you, it’s enough." Don't show an embarrassed expression when you don't like the dish.
(5)Don't use one bowl before using another, except under very special situation. This is especially not the case when eating at home or out with ladies, because having two bowls means having two families.
(6)Don't tap your bowl with chopsticks and spoon, because beggars do that when they ask for food.
(7)Do not buckle the rice bowl on the table or put chopsticks on the rice. The former is because of sick to eat medicine to buckle the medicine bowl, and the latter is the meaning of sacrifice rice.
(8)Don't eat and talk at the same time. The bones and fish bones in the mouth do not spit on the table—it can be used napkin to cover the mouth, with chopsticks to take out on the plate. Don't eat the food that fell on the table. Don't play with your chopsticks or point them at others during the meal. Don't pick your mouth with your hands. When using a toothpick, cover your mouth with your hand or napkin. Don't let the cutlery make any noise.
(9)Lefty dishes and used tableware toothpick, should be placed on the plate, not on the table.
After Meal Etiquette
(1)After the meal, you can use napkin or tissue to wipe the mouth, but should not wipe the head and neck or chest.
(2)Don't burp uncontrollably after a meal.
(3)The guest is not allowed to leave the table until the host signals the end.
2.Mealetiquette in South Korea
Korean dining etiquette can be divided into three types: pre meal etiquette, in meal etiquette and after meal etiquette.
Pre Meal Etiquette
Washing hands before meals is not only for hygiene, but also for eating with a calm and pious attitude. The towel handed before meals is best used only to wipe hands. Of course, it is also used to wipe face, hair and even armpit, but it looks very unsightly, It's also impolite to others. It's better to put the towel by the table.
In Meal Etiquette
Don't wear a hat when eating, otherwise it means to be poor for life. When sitting with the elderly, the sitting posture should be correct. During the meal, both the guests and the host should sit on their legs. If you should kneel down on the sole of your feet in front of your elders, no matter who you are, you should never stretch or spread your legs, otherwise it will be considered impolite or insulting. Here is the etiquette that should be kept in the process of dining.
(1)When having a meal with the elders, the elders should start eating first, and then the younger ones should start eating later.
(2)Never use both hands to hold chopsticks and spoon at the same time. When using chopsticks, place the spoon on the table and do not make a sound of chopsticks touching end to end.
(3)Don't put chopsticks and spoons on the bowl, don't take up the bowl and eat.
(4)Put proper food in your mouth and don't eat while you're talking.
(5)When drinking kimchi soup, do not pick up the bowl to drink, use a spoon to scoop soup without making noise and to drink slowly. Try not to make a noise while drinking.
(6)Avoid sneezing and coughing, cover it with your hands or a towel, and try not to look messy.
(7)Don't mess around in your meal. Start eating from one side and don't pick and choose with your chopsticks.
(8)The shared food should be put on their own plates for later eating, and the vinegar sauce and chili sauce should also be dipped on the plates.
(9)Don't dip the spoon with rice grain or oil spoon when eating.
(10)When swallowing bones or fishbones, you should avoid others, quietly hold them on paper, and then throw them away. Don't throw them directly on the table or on the ground.
After Meal Etiquette
The youngers can't leave their seats when the elders are still eating. Don't put chopsticks on their rice bowls or tables. They can't put them down until they have finished eating. When they have finished eating, they should say "I've finished eating.".
3.Similarities of mealetiquette between China and South Korea
First of all, both China and South Korea have strict traditional dietary etiquette. Strict etiquette is the reflection of strict hierarchy. When Korean people eat, the elder takes the spoon and chopsticks first, and the younger takes the spoon and chopsticks again. Just as Chinese people abide by the strict seat order, it is a reflection of hierarchy.
Secondly, filial piety is reflected in Chinese and Korean food etiquette. In South Korea, when young people drink in front of their elders, it is the right etiquette to turn around and drink. In China, there is also a saying that "father and son are not at the same table", that is, father and son can not eat at the same table. This is the performance of young people's respect for their elders.
Thirdly, in the book of rites, there is "different seats for men and women at the age of seven", that is, men and women cannot sit together if they are more than seven years old. China and South Korea, as countries advocating Confucianism, attach great importance to this, which is also the embodiment of the different ideas between men and women. And in South Korea, compared with women's table, the quantity and variety of food on men's table are much stronger, which is also the embodiment of the traditional Confucian thought of "men are superior to women".
Finally, ancient China and South Korea both valued cooperation and unity, and despised individuality. Therefore, when eating with others, they should not eat too fast or too slowly. They should keep pace with others, and they should not leave at will. This kind of etiquette shows people the care and care of China and South Korea for others.
4.Differences of mealetiquette between China and South Korea
In China, when eating rice, noodles or soup, one does not eat with one's head lowered, because it is considered a pig to eat with one's head lowered. In Korea, on the contrary, it is considered a beggar to eat with one's head held up, which is not in line with etiquette. Koreans usually use flat pointed chopsticks made of stainless steel. Chinese and Japanese have the habit of eating with the rice bowl in hand, but Koreans regard this behavior as unruly. And don't touch the rice bowl with your mouth. The bowl with a round bottom and lid sits on the table, without a handle for you to hold. And that the heat that the rice transfers to the bowl, it makes sense not to touch it.
As for the bowl lid, you can remove it and place it on the table as you like. Since not carrying the bowl, the left hand must be obedient, must hide under the table. The right hand must first pick up the spoon, from the water pickle filled with a mouthful of soup to drink, then use the spoon to eat a mouthful of rice, and then drink a mouthful of soup, and then eat a mouthful of dinner, you can eat anything at will. This is the order in which Korean people eat.
References:
[1]杜春晓. 跨文化交际下中、韩饮食文化的对比研究[D].郑州大学,2017.
[2]马菲.浅谈中韩“食礼”[J].黑龙江史志,2014(17):33-34.