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篇（1）

2.1 Current situation of company website translation 2

2.2 Samples of famous foreign company website 3

2.3 Features of company website translation 4

3. The skopos theory and company website translation 6

3.1 Introduction of Skopos theory 6

3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos 8

   3.2.1 Functional translation errors 8

   3.2.2 Liguistic translation errors 9

   3.2.3 Cultural translation errors 10

4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province 13

4.1 Functional translation errors 13

   4.1.1 Problem of length 13

   4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern 15

4.2 Liguistic translation errors 16

   4.2.1 Spelling errors 16

   4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation 17

   4.2.3 Incorrect word translation 17

   4.2.4 Illogical arrangment 18

4.3 Cultural translation errors 19

5. Conclusion 20

Acknowledgements 21

References 22

1．Introduction

Thanks to the ongoing economic reform and opening-up and the irresistible trend of globalization, China’s communication with the world has been intensified in recent years. Though almost every company which deal with the foreign trade owns his English version website, the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company website is far from satisfactory that leave a lot of work to do. For the present, most of the work are based on the rule of skopos theory which we will investigate later.

And with the popularity and applications of the Internet, the company website plays an increasing important role in foreign exchange, outreach, and the absorb foreign capital[2]. Although nowadays most domestic enterprises have set up their own websites and e-commerce platform, many export-oriented enterprises is established in English, the site has become a propaganda of the enterprise, an effective channel to promote company products. However, there is no difficulty in finding errors comparing the domestic foreign trade company website to the foreign company website. Some mistakes are even too much to bear. In recent years, there appears a large number of discussion on website translation, start from Skopos basis direction, and have a lot of research fruits on the problem of company website mistranslation. But for the relatively small corporate company website translation, it had not been given sufficient attention and standardized management, error-prone web site translation directly affect a company’s image.

2. Current situation and features of company website translation

In the world today, global and regional cooperation is in full swing and countries are increasingly interdependent. Company website provide a quick and convenient access to the general understanding of what a Chinese company is like, thus serving as bridges that enable business people from different countries with different cultural backgrounds to have a better understanding of each other. In fact, as a specialized and important area of translation, the translation of company profiles has its own features and particular communicative functions which deserve an in-depth and systematic study.

2.1 Current situation of company website translation

Foreign propaganda in the business text, Chinese text use more modifiers which using rhyme, parallelism, words with other parties type the text in order to increase the beauty, attract potential customers and clients. Many translators often find it difficult, even if be translated, also bite the bullet and let the readers of English-speaking find it difficult to understand. Company’s publicity text translation is accurate for the purpose of translation about business, product-related information. So prominent is the informational translation, first principle focus on the information, and others such as style, rhetoric and so on is secondary to bit. If translate directly, the text will cause a pile, information duplication, not meet the English language of expression. On the basis of Skopos principles, the translator should cut the original text appropriately in order for information receiver better understanding the text.

Different from other text types, a company profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.

However, many translators in this field tend to neglect the translation purpose of company profiles. As a result, linguistic and cultural problems still exist and obstruct the achievement of the Skopos of company profiles. Enlightened by the functionalist approach, the thesis also conducts a comprehensive survey as to the readability and acceptability of the target text[6]. It is found that foreign people do not respond positively to the English translation of Chinese company profiles. These problems or errors adversely affect the quality of translation. Primarily under the guidance of the functionalist skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analyzing authentic examples, the study also justifies someappropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.

Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other public materials.

2.2 Samples of famous foreign website

There are a lot of famous company on the list of top 500 in the world, after searching for their company, not difficult in finding a lot of features in common about their web page design. The followings are classic samples.

Example[1]: In 1886, Coca-Cola® brought refreshment to patrons of a small Atlanta pharmacy. Now well into its second century, the Company's goal is to provide magic every time someone drinks one of its more than 400 brands. Coca-Cola has fans from Boston to Budapest to Bahrain, drinking brands such as Ambasa, Vegitabeta and Frescolita. In the remotest comers of the globe, you can still find Coca-Cola.

Coca-Cola is committed to local markets, paying attention to what people from different cultures and backgrounds like to drink, and where and how they want to drink it. With its bottling partners, the Company reaches out to the local communities it serves, believing that Coca-Cola exists to benefit and refresh everyone it touches.

(heritage.coca-cola.com/)

Example[2]: Software is a leading online portal for software products, with free downloads and expert software reviews to help you make an informed choice. We list thousands of discounted software products with prices that are almost always the lowest available in the country. We also list a huge selection of free downloads so you can try software free before you decide to buy.

The Software.com store features the the software industry’s leading publishers, including Microsoft, Intuit, Symantec, Adobe, Nuance and hundreds of others. Our software store provides users with rich resources including thousands of user reviews, articles, and product comparison charts.

    Software.com employs a team of industry experts with over 40 years of combined experience in online software distribution. Our goal is to bring you the best range of world-leading software, at the best prices, with rich reviews and product information so you can choose the software that is right for you. (software.com/about/)

 As we can see from these samples, the foreign company websites are more functional and focus more on introdu cing products, and the purpose are much stronger and prominent. This is exactly what our company website is lack of, for we always put more words in describing company history and prior tradition, but lack of products introduction and special users attraction.

2.3 Features of company website translation   

First of all, company website translation profile depends more on the skopos rules.  Different from other text types, a company website profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company website profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.

Secondly, primarily under the guidance of the functionalist Skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analysis authentic examples, the study also justifies some appropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.

Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other publicity materials.

At last, defined as the measure of all things in translation by Reiss, the ST is regarded by Vermeer as merely an “offer of information” which can be partly or wholly transmitted for the target audience, leaving its status much lower in skopostherie than in equivalence-based theories. And it is the purpose of the translation that determines what to translate, how much to translate and what strategies to employ in specific situations. For this reason, in C-E translation of company website, any translation strategy can be adopted provided it is effective in publicizing the company in the target culture and expanding its business there. The translator needs to serve as “cultural filtering”, which means making adjustments to the structure and style of the source text by addition, deletion and rewriting. In this section, different successful translation techniques applicable to company profile translation in light of skopostheorie will be explored.

3. The Skopos theory and company website translation

 

 A company website is a particular communicative message that an organization wants to deliver to a particular audience. It is essentially “a résumé” presenting an image of a particular company, aiming to “establish the credibility with the market the company serves” . Klein also argues that a company website provides insight about a company to its customers and prospects; potential employees and partners view it to evaluate whether or not it is the kind of company they’d like to work with. Generally speaking, a well-written company website contains the company’s founders, product range or service that a company offers, major stockholders, members of the board, address, telephone and fax numbers, website, and other vital information. Some website include their history and significant achievements they have made through the years. This thesis defines a company profile in a narrow sense and refers to a company introduction since introductory remarks head all the other subdirectory items and are of the most representative characteristics. The samples employed in this thesis include brochures and materials from the Internet and cover a great variety of b usiness fields such as banks, hotels, automobiles, medicine, wine, household electrical appliances, tobacco, and sports goods.

3.1 Introduction of skopos theory

The Skopos theory is an important functionalist theory of translation that was developed in Germany in the 1970s. It reflects “a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation” [8]235. It greatly widens the research field of translation and puts translation researches in the framework of cross-cultural communication, instead of the narrow framework of source and target texts or the transmission between two languages. The Skopos theory draws inspiration from communication theory, action theory, text linguistics and text theory, and also from movements in literary studies toward reception theories. It is regarded as the core of German functionalism.

Hans Vermeer who proposed the Skopos theory gives his own definition of translation from a unique perspective that translation is a “purposeful action”. In the Skopos theory, translation is basically a type of communication. In other words, translation is a type of human action. Since action is the process of acting, which means “intentionally(at will)bringing about or preventing a change in the world (in nature), and thus can be defined as an intentional change or transition from one state of affairs to another” 18. Based on this belief, Vermeer put forward his translation principles, including the Skopos rule ad the guiding principle, and the coherence and the fidelity rule as subordinate principles.

It requires that a good translation be:

[1] pragmatic, accounting for the situational conditions of communicative interaction and, accordingly, for the needs and expectations of the addressees of the target text and even making the receiver the most important yardstick of translational decisions;

[2] culture-oriented, giving consideration to the culture-specific forms of verbal and nonverbal behaviour involved in translation;

[3] consistent, able to show the translator’s decisions in any type or form of translation task and make the target text a functional one;

[4] practical, accounting all the forms of transcultural communication needed; 

[5] normative, displaying the translator’s particular purpose;

[6] comprehensive, the communicative effects of a target text being equivalent to those of the source text;

.

3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos theory

During the information exchanging, Chinese companies have to provide effective company website profile linguistically and culturally acceptable to their target readers. Consequently, the English translation of Chinese company website plays a significant role in ensuring a successful communication with the outside world. Yet the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company profiles is far from satisfactory. From the perspective of Skopostheorie, “if the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target addressee, anything that obstructs the achievement of this purpose is a translation error” [9]74. Thus, to decide whether a piece of translation is a translation error or not is neither to see whether the translation is grammatically correct or not, nor to see whether the translation is loyal to the meaning of the source text. Instead, it should depend on whether the translation has achieved the intended purpose of the original work. As far as the C-E translation of company profiles is concerned, major problems and errors result from the ignorance of linguistic and cultural differences. The common errors in the C-E translation can be roughly classified into two categories: functional translation errors, linguistic tr anslation errors and cultural translation errors.

3.2.1 Functional translation errors

Functional inadequacies occur in four ways. They may be pragmatic translation errors, which are the result of “inadequate solutions to pragmatic translation problems such as lack of receiver orientation”. Secondly, they may be cultural translation errors, which are “due to an inadequate decision with regard to reproduction or adaptation of culture-specific conventions”. Thirdly, they may be linguistic translation errors, which are “caused by an inadequate translation when the focus is on language structures”. Fourthly, and finally, they may be text-specific translation errors, which are “related to a text-specific translation problem and, like the corresponding translation problems, can usually be evaluated from a functional or pragmatic point of view” 76 .

Function refers to the factors which make the text work in the intended way in the target situation. Loyalty refers to the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text addresses and the initiator. Loyalty limits the range of justifiable target-text functions for one particular source text and raises the need for a negotiation of the translation assignment between translators and their clients[11]126.

The claim that a variety of strategies, often moving away from the linguistic surface of the source text, are necessary to produce a functional target text gives a more grounded precision to the claims of Goldblatt and Raffel. Nord’s argument helps us to understand that these strategies are not to be considered shortcomings or inadequacies, reluctantly accepted as abstract “poetry” but never as “scholarship” – they are deliberate and intelligent forms of both creativity and fidelity. Indeed they are the inevitable, different paths that translators must follow if they wish to create new texts based on their appropriately functional readings of the source-text. (Scholars, to paraphrase Raffel, are then entitled to translations as much as poets – but because their needs are different, they each require a different sort of translation.) If these strategies of non-equivalence are to be considered “mistakes” at all then they are, in a paradoxical way, “deliberate mistakes”, intentionally undertaken in order to recreate the text in a way that deviates from the literal surface meaning of the source text so as to represent its other, deeper, features. Other errors, or “mistakes”, which are the result of our intentions being neither adequate nor appropriate, might be considered, in contrast, to be “foolish mistakes”, the product of ignorance but not of maliciousness. And ignorance can be overcome by “an adequate level of language and culture proficiency”.

3.2.2 Lingustic translation errors

Linguistic translation errors are at the basic level among the four types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator’s poor command of the target language. Unfamiliar with the target language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of errors, which range from levis (spelling and choice of words), semantics (meaning the source text intends to convey) to syntax (grammatical sentences and structure). Hence the translated text cannot be fully understood by the foreign audience. For example,“拳头产品”has been translated literally as “fist product”. In Chinese,“拳头产品” indicates that the product sells well in the market and it is regarded as a brand name. The counterpart “fist” in English, however, just means the hand when closed tightly with the fingers bent into the palm, which cannot convey the original meaning. It would be better to be translated as “knockout product”, “hard-punch product”or“product with a competitive edge” [12].

Example[3]: 三十年纺织品和服装出口经验，质量第一，信誉第一，友情第一，重合同，守信用，始终如一。(ex.cn)

Original version：Thirty years’experience of textiles and garments export.Quality the best.Reputation and friendship the foremost. Always abide by contacts and credibility.

Revised version：The rendering in this example is a typical word-for-word one, let alone the grammatical mistake in the last sentence “Always abide by contacts and credibility”. The deliberate faithfulness of its sentence structure actually results in sen tence fragments in English, which are far from emotionally appealing to the English readers. Such redundant syntactic structure will surely confuse the target readers.

Example[4]: 集“中国驰名商标”、“中国名牌”、“国家免检产品”和“国家出口商品免验”等荣誉于一身的特步(中国)有限公司，位于福建省泉州市经济技术开发区。(xtep.com.cn/)

Original version：Xtep(China)co.,ltd.,honored with China's famous and popular brand, China's famous brand, products exempt from inspection and export products exempt from inspection; which locates in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development zone. After correcting the grammatical errors in this version,an improved version could be:

Revised version：Xtep(China)Co., Ltd.,winning honors like “China’s famous and popular brand”, “China’s famous brand”, “inspection-exempt products” and “inspection-exempt products for export”, which is located in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone. 

3.2.3 Clutural translation errors

What does the word “culture” mean？As we have seen, culture is ubiquitous, multidimensional, complex and all-pervasive. Though there has been a century of efforts to define culture by scholars from different points of view, an agreement has so far not been reached[13]. The definition of culture seems simple but complex in reality. It covers aspects of everyday life to cognitive and social structure. And it refers to communities that have different attitudes toward political and social issues, different cultural practices and references in their private lives, different social backgrounds, etc.

In 1871, in his classic book Primitive Culture, British anthropologist Edward Tylor first gave the definition of culture which is widely quoted :“culture...is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom and any other capacities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” [13]. This definition is far from complete and vague to some extent because it only stressed the spiritual part of culture, but has neglected its material basis without which culture is an impossibility.

Translation and culture are closely related to each other. Translation is a cross-cultural communication. Various scholars have elaborated on the relationship between culture and translation.

Toury holds that translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural conditions48.

In order to achieve the expected purpose of the C-E translation of company profiles, it is particularly important to know the role of culture in the C-E translation of company profiles. First of all, culture affects the selection of company profiles. In order to carter for the target readers, the initiators have to select materials that characterize the Chinese culture and are acceptable in the target cultural system. Secondly, culture affects the acceptability of translations in the target culture[18]. Because of the cultural differences, what is appreciated in one culture may not be acceptable in another culture differences, what is appreciated in on culture may not be acceptable in another culture. Thirdly, culture also affects the approaches to be adopted in the translation process. For different translation purposes, people may resort to different apporaches to solve cultural clashes.

Chinese and western cultures differ greatly in their historical development, geographical locations, customs, conventions, religious beliefs and aesthetics,which have a great impact on cross-cultural communication.According to Skopostheorie, a cultural translation error occurs when something in the translation doesn't conform to the norms and conventions in the target culture. Cultural transla tion mistakes or errors, though very covert, cause a lot of hideous barriers in the cross-cultural communication.

As has been mentioned above, what is appreciated in the Chinese culture may be unacceptable in the English culture due to the cultural differences. For example, we have always prided ourselves as“龙的传人”, which is literally translated as“descendants of the dragon”. However, the Chinese word“龙” in the Chinese culture is not equivalent to the “dragon” in the western culture. Though both of them are legendary animals, their images and connotations are quite different. In the Chinese culture, the image of “龙” has undergone a series of changes before it takes its present form. It has the combined features of a number of animals—a reptile-like animal with a scaled body and claws, which can not only crawl, but also swim and fly. It is the symbol of the Chinese nation and the Chinese national spirit. It represents power, supremacy and auspice. In feudal China, emperors were compared to dragons. But in the western legends, dragon is a huge lizard with wings, scales and a long snake-like tail. It can spit fire. Dragon in the western culture is the symbol of evil[19]. So if the phrase“以外贸企业为龙头” is translated into English as “with foreign trade firms as the dragon’s head”, the foreigners will feel awful when they read the translation. It will be acceptable when it is translated as“with foreign trade firms as the locomotive(or flagship)”.

Besides, English company profiles emphasize simplicity, individuality and substantiality, while Chinese ones stress elegance, uniformity, and authority. For this reason, the author of this present paper suggests that to realize intended commercial purpose, translators should avoid literally translating four-character phraseology into English because foreign consumers may show their doubts at the first sight of these patterns:“Who knows?” as shown in the following examples.

Example[5]: 该厂能生产大衣、西装、时装、衬衣、毛衣等不同类型服装用的上千个花色品种的纽扣，产品规格齐全，品种繁多，造型新颖。(lxbutton.com/)

Original version：The factory can produce thousands of type of buttons for coats, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters. They have complete ranges of specification and various types and are novel in shape.

Revised version：The factory can produce various new types of buttons in thousands of different designs for coat, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters.

It seems that the modifications in the second English version not only successfully achieve commercial effect but also makes the content more succinct. Hence, a translator should always bear in mind that cultural comparison is a “must” in the translation process. Without comparisons of the two cultural systems, successful translation would not be possible.

4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province

There are many famous foreign trade companies in Zhejiang province, almost every company owns its English version website profile which focus to attract foreign business partners around the world. But owing to the different levels of translators who work as the company website translation, there exists a big difference in the quality of website translation, some even cause serious problem which make foreign trade partner confused about the compani's business and even products' function. So it is very important for translators of company website to follow some principles while dealing with the translation work.

4.1 Functional translation errors

4.1.1 Problem of length

The main reason for the too long translation is the profile of the translation focus too much on faith, but neglect removing or simplifying the useless information for audience. In accordance with the “Skopos rule”, the purpose of translation decides the behaviour of translation work. The translators should add, adjust or predigest the original work depending on the purpose of the translation.some of the original target information is out of communicative value which will make the translation empty, trash-talking and even affecting the information transforming.

Example [6]: 进入新世纪后，娃哈哈已拥有了雄厚的产品自主研发能力和技术创新能力，在雄厚的资金保障下，通过引进国际最先进的生产设备技术，进行消化、吸收、再创新，使公司拥有强大的核心竞争能力。同时，通过自主开发营养快线等系列创新产品，广开销路，实现科学发展，行业龙头地位日益稳固。目前，娃哈哈正在不断扩大投资规模，不断自主创新，向着世界500强企业的目标阔步前进！(划线部分为错误点）(wahaha.com.cn/aboutus/history/)

    Original version: The third time milestone development: entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the dependent R&D ability and the technology innovation ability. Secured by abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment technology with absorption and d igestion, making sure that Wahaha keeps the core competitive edge. We also developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilizing our leading position. Currently, Wahaha keeps further investment and constant innovation, aiming for becoming the world Top 500 enterprises.

We can find that some information in the Chinese version is useless and redundant,“消化、吸收、再创新”,“自主研发能力和技术创新能力”they all means innovation.so we can simplify the version into:

Revised version: Entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the ability of innovation and R&D with abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment with renew ability, making Wahaha keep the core competitive edge. At the same time, we have developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilize our leading position. Currently, Whaha keeps investment and innovation for becoming the world top 500 enterprises。

Example [7]: 东方机械位于风景秀丽、物产丰富、经济发达、文化繁荣，素有江南“鱼米、皮革之乡”美称的钱塘江畔。(hua-jia .com/s1.htm)

Original version: Our factory is located in Dingqiao Town by the Qiantang River where is famed as"The Home of fish，Rice and Leather"，with beautiful scenery，rich products，flourishing economy and prosperous culture.

Revised version: “...located at Dingqiao Town by the Qingtang river, our company specialized in the production of ... ”（we can just delete the underlined part)

Example [8]: 2003年初，公司为满足国内市场对专用车的需要，及时调整产品结构并成立的专用车公司，在做稳、做强客车的同时，投巨资实施专用车项目，精心打造有洛阳宇通特色的专用车产品，本着“低端切人、高端占领”的原则，经过精心筹备，四大系列产品即混凝土搅拌车系列、散装水泥车系列、加油车系列、洒水车系列一经投放市场，便以其全新的设计、优美的造型、细腻的工艺赢得了市场的青睐。(lyyt.com/t9/index.asp)

Original version: In the early of 2003, in order to meet the demands for special-purpose car in domestic market, we adjusted our product's structure and set up a new department dealing with special purpose car. While steadying and strengthening the production of passenger car, we invest large amounts of money in special-purpose car to carefully make this kind of products with vivid Luoyang Yutong characteristics. With the principle of cutting in from the low end and taking possession at the high end, our four series of products were put into market in April of 2003 after careful preparation. They are dowser series, water cart series, bulk cement vehicle series and concrete-mixing vehicle series. The products win for their new designation, exquisite molding and technique.

Revised version: In addition to its wonderful performance in the sector of passenger cars, Luoyang Yutong Automobile co., Ltd. Moved forward with an aggressive campaign to stay at the forefront of transportation. In the early of 2003, we set up a new sector to manufacture special-purpose vehicles including fuel trucks, spraying cars, bulk cement trucks and concrete-mixing trucks which are tailored to the needs of Chinese market. They gained excellent reputation for their original design and state-of-the-art technics among clients as soon as they were put into market in April of the same years.

4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern

In the functionalist perspective, the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target address, and anything that prevents the achievement of this purpose in considered as a translation error. This means that a particular expression or utterance is not inadequate in itself; it only becomes inadequate with regard to the communicative function it was expected to achieve. Furthermore, Nord classifies the translation errors into four categories: pragmatic, cultural, linguistic and text-specific ones[9]. Study of the small corpus shows those translation errors in the translated corporate website are mainly linguistic and cultural. In the following parts, the author is to demonstrate the problems common to nearly all the sample texts, with suggested solutions thereafter.

Example [9]: 引进大量的科技管理人才,成立“真爱集团人才联谊会” 形成“重知识，重人才” 的良好气氛。(truelovegroup.com/english/about/about.asp)

Original version: To form well atmosphere “esteem acknowledge, esteem intellect”, truelove employed a mess of technology and management persons and set up “truelove group talent sociality”.

Revised version: To form well atmosphere “respect knowledge and talents”, Truelove employed talents and set up “Truelove talents Union”.

Example  [10]:

(1)医德医风

Medical ethics

(2)全体员工精诚团结，上下一心

All the staffs unite absolute sincerity

(3)上有上策，下有下策，有令不行，有禁不止。

Disobey orders and defy prohibition.

In these translations repetitions have been talked carefully.The Word “ethics” contains the meaning of both“德”and“风”. The Chinese“精诚团结”and“上下一心” which have the same meaning are translated into “unite in absolute sincerity.” As with these, the third English sentence fully renders the Chinese version whose second part means the same as the first one.

Let's quote example (2) as another example of this strategy. Taking a look at the underlined parts, we find the Chinese phrase“进入饭店” has not been translated. The English version “Hong Kong Peninsula Hotel Management Group introduced us ...” is clear and sufficient to express the meaning of “进入饭店，带来…”. If we translate it in the word-for-word way “as entered the hotel and brought...”, the TT readers in English cultures will be confused. Thus, leaving out tautological words is one of the communicative methods in translating to realize the purpose of the TT. More specifically, this translation is a compliance with coherence rule rather than the fidelity rule.

4.2 Linguistic translation errors

A linguistic translation error is at the most basic level among the types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator's poor command of the language. Unfamiliar with the language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of mistakes, which range from lexis (spelling and choice of words), syntax (grammatical sentence and structure) and semantics (meaning that the source text intends to convey).

4.2.1 Spelling errors

Example [11]: 本公司始终坚持以“质量为本，科技创新，优质服务，环保产品”为发展宗旨。(chinacgic.com/company.asp)

Original version: Our company has all along been adhering to such a development philosophy: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.

Revised version:our company has all along been adhering to such a developing idea: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.

Example [12]:“成功电子” 以拥有您的支持而自豪，并有信心通过我们不断的努力使您以使用“成功电子” 产品而骄傲。(chinacgic.com/)

Original version: Success Electronics is proud for having your support and convinced that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.

Revised verion: Success Electronic is proud for having your support and it convince that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.

4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation

Example[13]: 公司自创办以来,不断扩大规模,更新产品的种类。欢迎各中外客商前来共创商机! (rx-china.com/)

Original version: The company spread dimensions at once. sincerely welcomes its friends to have business negotiation, cooperate with them and jointly make great achievement.

Revised version: Since the establishment of our company we have always been expanding our industrial scale and adding new ranges to our production line. Now we warmly welcome our customers, both at home and abroad, to come together and enjoy better business opportunities!

Example [14]: 本公司经营的产品广泛用于通讯设备、家用电器、仪器仪表、数码产品行业、电子玩具以及工业自动化设备等各种领域, 在电子行业有很高的声誉。(zszyss.com/)

Original version: The product of company’s operation is used in the various fields such as communication equipment, electric home appliances, instrument appearance, digital product profession, electronictoy as well as industrial automatic equipment extensively, we have very high reputation on electronic profession.

Revised version: The products we deal in are widely used in such areas as communication, household electrical appliances, instruments and meters, digital products, electric toys and industrial automatic equipment. Our company enjoys a high reputation in the line of electronic.

4.2.3 Incorrect word translation

Example [15]: 本公司近年致力弘扬、推广中华优秀传统文化和与之相结合的高新科技。2002年起被中央有关部门指定为外交部国礼系列图书国内外主要发行单位之一。(zylp.com/)

Original version: This company recent years devoted to bring honor to , to promote the China outstanding traditional culture and high speed science which unified with it. In 2002 is assigned by the central department concerned one of for country cash as a present book domestic and foreign main release units .

Revised version: We have been carrying forward and popularizing traditional Chinese culture combined with newly developed high-tech. In 2002, our company was appointed to be one of the authorized publishers of series of golden books as official gifts for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Example [16]: 百果园占地面积20 亩,花园式布局,生产车间4800m²,设有原料、粗加工、成品、包装、冷藏、锅炉等生产车间。(baiguoyuan.com.cn/)

Original version: Baiguoyuan is like a garden it cone ns an area of zomu, with 3400 sguan meters work shop, including material storage workshop , naw processing workshop, finshed produet workshop, packing workshop, cold stonage workshop and boilen workshop.

Revised version: Baiguoyuan, a well laid out garden-like enterprise, covers an area of 20 mu, and owns a production department of 4800 square meters including workshops handling materials, rough processing, finished goods, packing, refrigerating and a boiler room.

4.2.4 Illogical arrangement

Illogical arrangement is primarily coordinated at the incorrectly translation of an individual expression or sentence's elements which cause incoherent and misunderstanding.

Example [17]:(本单位)成立于1988年,是经国家建设部批准,专业从事地基与基础工程施工的壹级企业。(richelevator.com/hz/)

Original version:We are the stair enterp rise professioned on construction of groundwork and base engineering approved by national construction department founded in 1988.

Revised version: Our company, with the approval of Ministry of Construction, was established in 1988 and we are now a first grade enterprise specializing in the construction of groundwork and foundational engineering.

Example [18]: 公司非常重视对员工队伍素质的培训工作,专门成立了人力资源部,对员工进行操作技术、专业技能、安全生产、市场意识、产品质量等方面的培训。(chinacgic.com/)

Original version: The company emphasize on training for the staff, specialize to establish HR department, train manipulating technique, specialty skill, safe producing, market apperceiving, product quality and the other side training.

Revised version:We put emphasis on training our working staff and specially set up a human resources department for the purpose of guiding our staff members to master new operating techniques, professional skills, safety in production, marketing strategies and quality control.

4.3 Cultural translation errors 

When preparing an English version of the corporate profile, the Chinese companies tend to translate literally the existing Chinese language, regardless of the fact that different addressees require an adjustment of the relationship between the explicit and implicit information in the target text and that the target cultural conventions should be given priority.

Example[19]: 公司于2000年顺利通过ISO9001: 2000版国际质量体系认证，形成了一套完整的质量保障体系，2002年11月被中国轻工业质量认证中心授予 “环保陶瓷”称号。(.cn/)

Original version：the company passed ISO9001:2000 International Quality System Certification in 2000, and has established a complete quality assurance system. It was awarded as “Environmental friendly ceramics”.

  In this short paragraph, the company exhibits four honorary titles: ISO9001:2000版国际质量体系认证，“环保陶瓷” without further explaining what the awards are about, what requirements should be met to win each and how this company is qualified to receive the glories. For people who are familiar with the awarding system, this information is able to serve as a strong support for the qualification of company. However, the westerners are probably not so moved by these titles. Questions may haunt the readers, such as “what is the evaluation standard of the award?” “how often is the award granted?” “how many enterprises can get award in each season?” in other words, only when the information becomes convincing enough can the foreigners acknowledge the qualification of the company.

5．Conclusion

It should have been a progress for the development of the Chinese enterprises since the bilingual corporate websites open a new channel for them to present themselves to the world; however, in the analysis of the translated company introductions, the author observes quite a number of errors and problems prevailing the target text, which can hardly help achieve the function of the source text, only to ruin the image of the company. After all, a company with a poor English introduction can hardly convince the potential customers of the top-quality claim of the product and service therein. Delving into the translated corporate profiles, the author finds out that as far as the translation of the Chinese corporate profiles is concerned, Chinese companies still have a long way to go.

In this light, the paper analyses the language, cultural-specific terms and discourse of the translated corporate website translation, locates common errors and proposes some methods for better communication with the international audience.

However, as nearly all the cooperate profiles are translated literally in the process, even if the linguistic and cultural errors are corrected the target texts still appear awkward in the whole text and fail to become fluent English. In other words, any corrections made in the English sentences do not solve the problem and cannot ensure a functionally satisfactory reaction from the audience.

Guo Jianzhong says the translation of pragmatic texts is an art of re-expression based on writing techniques. It holds true to the company introduction, which is tattooed to translate according to the source text’s diction and structure. What the translators need to do is to adapt to or rewrite the source text before translating. Though the English may be not literally correspondent with the original source text, the meaning of the content and stylistic features retain. As a result, the communication carries out successfully and the function is fulfilled.

 

Acknowledgements

My initial thanks go to my supervisor Yang Xue, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.

I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Zhang Lan, Zhu Ming, Wu Xiaoyun, and many others.

My greatest personal debt is to my parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.

The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.

 

References

[1] 熊艾莎. 义乌网站英译常见错误及其对策分析 [D]. 义乌工商学院外语系研究生论文, 2006(1).

[2] 何森梅. 从目的论中看中文企业网站的英译策略 [J].黎明职业大学学报, 2008(1).

[3] 韩孟其. 与目的论相悖的企业网页翻译 [J].中国航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版), 2008(109).

[4] Nord, C. Translating as a Purposeful activity [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.

[5] 梁丁强. 目的论与企业简介的翻译原则及策略－以中国企业的英文简介为例 [D]. 扬州大学英语系研究生论文, 2008.

. Leiden: Brill,1964.

. Retrieved Nov 16, 2007.

[8] Vermeer, H. J. Skopos and Commission in Translational Action [M]. New York: Gardner Press 2000: 221-232.

[9] Nord, C. Translating as a Purposeful Activity [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.

. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.

. New York: Gardner Press,1976.

[12] 张丽玲. 从目的论讨论中英广告翻译中的差异 [D]. 暨南大学硕士学位论文 2007.

[13] 王娜. 从功能翻译理论看中国企业简介的翻译 [D]. 首都师范大学硕士学位论文 2006.

. London: John Murray,1871.

[15] Toury,G. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond [M]. Shnahgai:Shnahgai  Foreign Language  Education Press,2001.

[16] Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.

[17] Mary, Snell-Hornby. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Press, 2004.

[18] 谭载喜. 新编奈达论翻译 [M]. 北京：中国对外翻译出版公司,1999.

[19] 崔胜湘. 根据目的进行翻译 [D]. 国防科学技术大学 硕士学位论文, 2004.

 

诚 信 承 诺

我谨在此承诺：本人所写的毕业论文《外贸公司网站英译研究之目的论视角》均系本人独立完成，没有抄袭行为，凡涉及其他作者的观点和材料，均作了注释，若有不实，后果由本人承担。

篇（2）

指导教师评语

余雨晴的论文《高频电子线路精品课程网站建设》，基本完成了高频电子线路精品课程网站的设计，论文介绍了设计思想、制作过程，并设计了基本的网站雏形。阅读指导教师指定的参考资料、文献，开题报告有实施方案，并按要求完成外文翻译，设计基本合理，对网站建设提出了个人见解，作者基本掌握了网站建设的基础理论。论文撰写规范，符合学位论文答辩要求。

同意该同学参加学位论文答辩。

评阅教师评语

余雨晴的论文《高频电子线路精品课程网站建设》，基本完成了高频电子线路精品课程网站的设计，论文介绍了设计思想、制作过程，并设计了基本的网站雏形。网站设计基本上合理、科学，表明作者基本上掌握了相关专业知识。毕业论文撰写符合规范要求，论文达到了本科毕业论文的要求。

同意该生参加学位论文答辩。

答辩委员会评语

答辩小组通过对余雨晴的论文《高频电子线路精品课程网站建设》的审核，认为该论文选题具有研究价值，基本上完成了网站的设计任务，设计基本上合理、科学。该生基本完成了毕业论文任务书所规定的内容，论文撰写基本符合规范，答辩时能基本正确地回答问题。

经答辩小组讨论，答辩成绩定为及格。

2、杨婷

指导教师评语

杨婷同学的论文《PLL技术及其应用》，较好地完成任务书规定的设计任务。论文在详细分析PLLIC电路的基础上，利用锁相集成电路设计了红外自动控制水龙头。红外自动控制水龙头运用LM音频锁相环芯片设计，同时结合定时器芯片和三端集成稳压器等组合而成，设计合理。该生除全部阅读指导教师指定的参考资料、文献外，还能阅读一些自选资料，并提出较合理的开题报告实施方案，按要求按时完成外文翻译，译文质量较好。对对研究的问题能正确分析，反映出作者较好地掌握了电科专业基础理论与专业知识，论文撰写规范，符合学位论文答辩要求。

同意该同学参加学位论文答辩。

评阅教师评语

杨婷同学的论文《PLL技术及其应用》选题具有实际意义，较好地完成了规定的任务，论文在详细分析PLLIC电路的基础上，利用锁相集成电路设计了红外自动控制水龙头，红外自动控制水龙头是运用了LM音频锁相环芯片设计，同时结合定时器芯片和三端集成稳压器等组合而成的电路。设计合理，表明作者比较好的掌握了电科专业相关的知识。毕业论文撰写符合规范要求，论文达到了本科毕业论文的要求。

同意该生参加学位论文答辩。

答辩委员会评语

答辩小组通过对杨婷同学的论文《PLL技术及其应用》的审核，认为该论文选题具有研究价值，论文利用锁相集成电路设计了红外自动控制水龙头电路，设计合理，表明作者比较好的掌握了相关专业知识，设计的产品具有一定的使用和参考价值。该生认真完成了毕业论文任务书所规定的内容，论文撰写符合规范，答辩时能正确地回答问题。

经答辩小组讨论，答辩成绩定为良好。

3、王锐

指导教师评语

王锐同学的论文《基于FPGA技术的电子密码锁》，完成了任务书所规定地研究（设计）任务。论文采用EDA技术通过自顶向下的设计方法对数字密码锁进行了设计，描述了数字密码锁的总体结构、主要功能、设计流程、模块划分及总体和各模块的VHDL源程序，并且给出了数字密码锁设计的仿真结果。外语资料翻译尚可，论文格式基本规范，论述基本准确，达到了预期的要求，符合学士学位论文答辩的要求。

同意该同学参加毕业论文答辩。

评阅教师评语

王锐同学的论文《基于FPGA技术的电子密码锁》选题具有一定的实际意义，基本上完成了规定的任务，主要工作包括用EDA技术通过自顶向下的设计方法对数字密码锁进行了设计，描述了数字密码锁的总体结构、主要功能、设计流程、模块划分及总体和各模块的VHDL源程序，并且给出了数字密码锁设计的仿真结果，存在的不足主要是没有具体实现。毕业论文撰写符合规范要求，论文达到了本科毕业论文的要求，同意该生参加学位论文答辩。

答辩委员会评语

答辩小组通过对王锐同学的论文《基于FPGA技术的电子密码锁》的审核，认为该论文选题具有一定的研究价值，作者具有一定的阅读参考资料的能力，认为完成了毕业论文任务书所规定的内容，行文基本流畅，答辩时能较比较正确地回答问题。本文尚存在全篇结构不够合理、没有完全实现等缺陷。

经答辩小组讨论，答辩成绩定为中等。

4、周洋

指导教师评语

周洋同学的论文《纯音听力计的设计与实现》，较好地完成了任务书所规定地研究任务。论文从听力计的发展趋势和面临现状出发，基于对系统结构和功能要求的分析，论述了仪器的工作原理，软、硬件设计方法和纯音信号与噪声信号的实现过程。外语资料翻译尚可，论文格式基本规范，论述基本准确，达到了预期的要求，符合学士学位论文答辩的要求。

同意该同学参加毕业论文答辩。

评阅教师评语

周洋同学的论文《纯音听力计的设计与实现》选题具有一定的实际意义，基本上完成了规定的任务，从听力计的发展趋势和面临现状出发，基于对系统结构和功能要求的分析，论述了仪器的工作原理、软、硬件设计方法和纯音信号与噪声信号的实现过程，设计基本合理。毕业论文撰写基本符合规范要求，论文基本上达到了本科毕业论文的要求，同意该生参加学位论文答辩。

答辩委员会评语

答辩小组通过对周洋同学的论文《纯音听力计的设计与实现》的审核，认为该论文选题具有一定的研究价值，作者具有一定的阅读参考资料的能力，基本完成了毕业论文任务书所规定的内容，行文基本流畅，答辩时能较比较正确地回答问题。本文尚存在全篇结构不够合理、设计没有完全实现等缺陷。

经答辩小组讨论，答辩成绩定为中等。

5、李思静

指导教师评语

李思静同学的论文《调频电路及其设计》，很好地完成任务书规定的设计任务。论文采利用导频制调频立体声发射接收技术及高性能的专用发射与接收集成电路，设计了一套基于BA和CXA的小型无线调频立体声系统。该生除全部阅读指导教师指定的参考资料、文献外，还能阅读较多的自选资料，较好地理解课题任务并提出开题报告实施方案，能出色完成外文资料的翻译，对研究的问题能较深刻分析，反映出作者很好地掌握了有关基础理论与专业知识，论文撰写规范，符合学位论文答辩要求。

同意该同学参加毕业论文答辩。

评阅教师评语

李思静同学的论文《调频电路及其设计》选题具有实际意义，完成了规定的任务，论文采利用导频制调频立体声发射接收技术及高性能的专用发射与接收集成电路，设计了一套基于BA和CXA的小型无线调频立体声系统，表明作者很好的掌握了调频通信方面的知识。毕业论文撰写符合规范要求，论文达到了本科毕业论文的要求。

同意该生参加学位论文答辩。

答辩委员会评语

答辩小组通过对李思静同学的论文《调频电路及其设计》的审核，认为该论文选题具有研究价值，作者设计了一套基于BA和CXA的小型无线调频立体声系统，作者很好的掌握了调频通信方面的知识。具有很好的阅读参考资料的能力，认真完成了毕业论文任务书所规定的内容，行文流畅，论文撰写符合规范，答辩时能正确地回答问题。

经答辩小组讨论，答辩成绩定为优秀。

6、王莉

指导教师评语

王莉同学的论文《无线电遥控系统设计》，较好地完成任务书规定的设计任务。论文设计了一种无线电遥控系统，包括发射电路的设计和接收电路的设计，实现了远程遥控功能。该生除全部阅读指导教师指定的参考资料、文献外，还能阅读一些自选资料，并提出较合理的开题报告实施方案，按要求按时完成外文翻译，译文质量较好。对对研究的问题能正确分析，反映出作者较好地掌握了有关基础理论与专业知识，论文撰写规范，符合学位论文答辩要求。

同意该同学参加学位论文答辩。

评阅教师评语

王莉同学的论文《无线电遥控系统设计》选题具有实际意义，较好地完成了规定的任务，论文设计了一种无线电遥控系统，包括发射电路的设计和接收电路的设计，实现了远程遥控功能。设计合理，表明作者比较好的掌握了相关专业知识。毕业论文撰写符合规范要求，论文达到了本科毕业论文的要求。

同意该生参加学位论文答辩。

答辩委员会评语

答辩小组通过对王莉同学的论文《无线电遥控系统设计》的审核，认为该论文选题具有研究价值，论文设计了一种无线电遥控系统，包括发射电路的设计和接收电路的设计，实现了远程遥控功能。设计合理，表明作者比较好的掌握了相关专业知识，设计的产品具有一定的使用和参考价值。该生认真完成了毕业论文任务书所规定的内容，行文流畅，论文撰写符合规范，答辩时能正确地回答问题。

经答辩小组讨论，答辩成绩定为良好。

7、赵霞

指导教师评语

赵霞同学的论文《电子信息科学与技术专业网站设计》，较好地完成电子信息科学与技术专业网站设计，完成了总体方案设计及留言板模块和新闻管理功能模块的结构设计与编程。本设计由两位同学合作完成，赵霞同学负责新闻管理功能模块的设计，其开发主要包括后台数据库的建立和维护以及前端应用程序的开发两个方面。该生除全部阅读指导教师指定的参考资料、文献外，还能阅读一些自选资料，并提出较合理的开题报告实施方案，按要求按时完成外文翻译，译文质量较好。论文撰写规范，符合学位论文答辩要求。

同意该同学参加学位论文答辩。

评阅教师评语

赵霞同学的论文《电子信息科学与技术专业网站设计》选题具有实际意义，较好地完成了新闻管理功能模块的设计，其开发主要包括后台数据库的建立和维护以及前端应用程序的开发两个方面。网站设计合理、科学，表明作者比较好的掌握了相关专业知识。毕业论文撰写符合规范要求，论文达到了本科毕业论文的要求。

同意该生参加学位论文答辩。

答辩委员会评语

答辩小组通过对赵霞同学的论文《电子信息科学与技术专业网站设计》的审核，认为该论文选题具有研究价值，较好地完成了新闻管理功能模块的设计，其开发主要包括后台数据库的建立和维护以及前端应用程序的开发两个方面，设计合理、科学。该生认真完成了毕业论文任务书所规定的内容论文撰写符合规范，答辩时能正确地回答问题。

经答辩小组讨论，答辩成绩定为良好。

8、周星

指导教师评语

周星同学的论文《电子信息科学与技术专业网站设计》，较好地完成电子信息科学与技术专业网站设计，完成了总体方案设计及留言板模块和新闻管理功能模块的结构设计与编程。本设计由两位同学合作完成，周星同学负责网站页面的设计和留言板系统的设计。该生除全部阅读指导教师指定的参考资料、文献外，还能阅读一些自选资料，并提出较合理的开题报告实施方案，按要求按时完成外文翻译，译文质量较好。论文撰写规范，符合学位论文答辩要求。

同意该同学参加学位论文答辩。

评阅教师评语

周星同学的论文《电子信息科学与技术专业网站设计》选题具有实际意义，较好地完成了新闻管理功能模块的设计，其开发主要包括网站页面的设计和留言板系统的设计。网站设计合理、科学，表明作者比较好的掌握了相关专业知识。毕业论文撰写符合规范要求，论文达到了本科毕业论文的要求。

同意该生参加学位论文答辩。

答辩委员会评语

答辩小组通过对周星同学的论文《电子信息科学与技术专业网站设计》的审核，认为该论文选题具有研究价值，较好地完成了网站页面的设计和留言板系统的设计，设计合理、科学。该生认真完成了毕业论文任务书所规定的内容论文撰写符合规范，答辩时能正确地回答问题。

经答辩小组讨论，答辩成绩定为良好。

9、蔡凌云

指导教师评语

蔡凌云同学的论文《数字调频发射机的设计》，较好地完成了任务书所规定地研究任务。论文主要采用数字信号处理（DSP）和直接数字频率合成（DDS）技术，实现了数字调频发射机的设计。本设计由两位同学完成，该生主要负责数字调频发射机的数字调频调制模块部分的设计。外语资料翻译尚可，论文格式基本规范，论述基本准确，达到了预期的要求，符合学士学位论文答辩的要求。

同意该同学参加毕业论文答辩。

评阅教师评语

蔡凌云同学的论文《数字调频发射机的设计》，较好地完成了任务书所规定地研究任务。论文主要采用数字信号处理（DSP）和直接数字频率合成（DDS）技术，实现了数字调频发射机的设计。本设计由两位同学完成，该生主要负责数字调频发射机的数字调频调制模块部分的设计，设计基本合理。毕业论文撰写基本符合规范要求，论文基本上达到了本科毕业论文的要求，同意该生参加学位论文答辩。

答辩委员会评语

答辩小组通过对蔡凌云同学的论文《数字调频发射机的设计》的审核，认为该论文选题具有一定的研究价值，数字调频发射机的数字调频调制模块部分的设计基本合理。作者具有一定的阅读参考资料的能力，基本完成了毕业论文任务书所规定的内容，答辩时能较比较正确地回答问题。

经答辩小组讨论，答辩成绩定为中等。

10、张佳富

指导教师评语

张佳富同学的论文《高频功率放大器及其设计》，基本地完成了任务书所规定地研究任务。论文对高频功率放大器的发展以及应用做了介绍，设计了基本合理的高频功率放大器电路。外语资料翻译尚可，论文格式基本规范，论述基本准确，基本达到了预期的要求，符合学士学位论文答辩的要求。

同意该同学参加毕业论文答辩。

评阅教师评语

张佳富同学的论文《高频功率放大器及其设计》，基本地完成了任务书所规定地研究任务。论文对高频功率放大器的发展以及应用做了介绍，设计了基本合理的高频功率放大器电路，设计基本合理。毕业论文撰写基本符合规范要求，论文基本上达到了本科毕业论文的要求，同意该生参加学位论文答辩。

答辩委员会评语

答辩小组通过对佳富同学的论文《高频功率放大器及其设计》的审核，认为该论文选题具有一定的研究价值，高频功率放大器电路的设计基本合理。作者具有一定的阅读参考资料的能力，基本完成了毕业论文任务书所规定的内容，答辩时能较比较正确地回答问题。

经答辩小组讨论，答辩成绩定为中等。

11、李薇

指导教师评语

李薇同学的论文《数字调频发射机的设计》，较好地完成了任务书所规定地研究任务。论文主要采用数字信号处理（DSP）和直接数字频率合成（DDS）技术，实现了数字调频发射机的设计。本设计由两位同学完成，该生主要负责系统在DSP方面的设计。外语资料翻译尚可，论文格式基本规范，论述基本准确，达到了预期的要求，符合学士学位论文答辩的要求。

同意该同学参加毕业论文答辩。

评阅教师评语

李薇同学的论文《数字调频发射机的设计》，较好地完成了任务书所规定地研究任务。论文主要采用数字信号处理（DSP）和直接数字频率合成（DDS）技术，实现了数字调频发射机的设计。本设计由两位同学完成，该生主要负责系统在DSP方面的设计，设计基本合理。毕业论文撰写基本符合规范要求，论文基本上达到了本科毕业论文的要求，同意该生参加学位论文答辩。

答辩委员会评语

答辩小组通过对李薇同学的论文《数字调频发射机的设计》的审核，认为该论文选题具有一定的研究价值，系统在DSP方面的设计基本合理。作者具有一定的阅读参考资料的能力，基本完成了毕业论文任务书所规定的内容，答辩时能较比较正确地回答问题。

经答辩小组讨论，答辩成绩定为中等。

12、宋治桦

指导教师评语

宋治桦同学的论文《射频功率放大器》，完成了任务书所规定地设计任务。论文通过图例和对比进行分析，阐述了射频功放的基本理论；在研究了射频功放的工作状态、负载和调谐等外部特性的基础上设计了一种射频功率放大器。外语资料翻译尚可，论文格式基本规范，论述基本准确，达到了预期的要求，符合学士学位论文答辩的要求。

同意该同学参加毕业论文答辩。

评阅教师评语

宋治桦同学的论文《射频功率放大器》选题具有一定的实际意义，基本上完成了规定的任务，在研究了射频功放的工作状态、负载和调谐等外部特性的基础上设计了一种射频功率放大器，设计基本合理。毕业论文撰写符合规范要求，论文达到了本科毕业论文的要求。

同意该生参加学位论文答辩。

答辩委员会评语

答辩小组通过对宋治桦同学的论文《射频功率放大器》的审核，认为该论文选题具有一定的研究价值，作者具有一定的阅读参考资料的能力，认为完成了毕业论文任务书所规定的内容，答辩时能较比较正确地回答问题。

经答辩小组讨论，答辩成绩定为中等。

13、邹元杰

指导教师评语

邹元杰同学的论文《基于单片机STCCLED点阵显示》，很好地完成任务书规定的设计任务。系统以STCC单片机为主控芯片，利用温度测量，实时时钟芯片和数据存储技术并配合软件，实现了温度的测量、时间、数据掉电不丢失等功能，最终很好地完成了规定任务。该生对研究的问题能较深刻分析，反映出作者很好地掌握了有关基础理论与专业知识，实际动手能力强，论文撰写规范，符合学位论文答辩要求。

同意该同学参加毕业论文答辩。

评阅教师评语

邹元杰同学的论文《基于单片机STCCLED点阵显示》，选题具有实际意义，完成了规定的任务。系统以STCC单片机为主控芯片，利用温度测量，实时时钟芯片和数据存储技术并配合软件，实现了温度的测量、时间、数据掉电不丢失等功能，最终很好地完成了规定任务。毕业论文撰写符合规范要求，论文达到了本科毕业论文的要求。

同意该生参加学位论文答辩。

篇（3）

“我们不是取消本科毕业论文，而是提倡多元化。”昨（16）日，四川大学宣传部工作人员再次就有关方面的“误读”进行了说明，宣传部工作人员希望大家不要狭义地理解毕业论文，论文制度必须保留，只是川大鼓励多元化的毕业论文（设计）。

再次强调不可能取消毕业论文

“再次强调不是取消，而是提倡多元化。”昨日下午，川大宣传部工作人员说，有些人没有认真读学校的文件，断章取义。“学生读了几年书，总要有东西来检验，怎么可能取消毕业论文？”学校宣传部一名姓李的老师说，现在学校提倡的是从传统单一的写论文方式扩展到学生可以自由选择多种“毕业论文”形式，毕业论文的定义从狭义发展到了广义，但并没有取消。

做客网站改革的目标已经达到

昨日下午，四川大学新闻系主任张小元做客国内某网站，解读最近由他最先透露的四川大学改革本科毕业论文一事。他表示，追求毕业考核形式多样化的目标基本上已经达到了。

对于如何确保多样化论文的质量问题，张小元表示，对有兴趣做学术的学生，学校就严格按学术标准培养；有人选择其他类型的毕业论文，学校就按照多样方式培养。他同时也表达了自己的担忧：“如何避免大学变成社会的职业训练班，这是我们一直想避免的陷阱，而网友的担忧中，我觉得最有价值的也是这个方面。”

个性教育>>>

川大将破格录取怪才偏才

昨（16）日，四川大学公布了《四川大学关于特殊兴趣和特殊专长学生选拔与培养的实施办法》，工作人员解释：“学校鼓励怪才、偏才等特殊人才的成长。”学校将如何认定、选拔、培养这些特殊人才？学校宣传部相关工作人员回答了记者的问题。

问：如何认定“双特生”？

答：“双特生”是指在某一学科领域有特殊兴趣、爱好和特殊专长、潜质，或者在某一学科领域开始崭露头角或已经取得一定的成绩，或者对一些冷僻、人才稀缺的学科领域有一定程度的深入了解、有一定独到见解的奇才、偏才和怪才。

问：如何选拔“双特生”？

答：学校将多渠道发现和选拔“双特生”：一是高考录取时对具有特殊兴趣和特殊专长潜质的优秀中学生通过中学推荐、自主招生、高考成绩等发现“双特生”苗子，并在国家招生政策许可的前提下，优先或破格录入四川大学相关专业学习；二是从已入学的学生中进行选拔，所有我校在读本科生可以通过本人自荐、辅导员和教师推荐、专家考评等多种形式发现和选拔。

篇（4）

[中图分类号]TP393.07 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]1009-5349（2013）07-0179-01

毕业论文是高等院校教学工作中的一个重要组成部分，采取传统人工管理模式，在资料整理、选题、论文撰写及指导、格式检查、资源共享、论文管理等诸多方面存在管理成本高、效率低、效果差等一系列问题。[1]因此，使用信息化的电子系统对毕业论文设计流程进行管理，既方便了老师和学生，也可以节省更多的教学资源，老师、学生还可以高效地完成毕业论文设计工作。不仅方便学校对毕业生论文的整个流程的管理，而且摆脱过去由人用纸和笔进行的费时费力的繁重工作。可以把每一年的毕业生论文相关资料存储在数据库中，可随时查看和打印相关数据，既节约资源，又达到对毕业论文统一管理的目的。[2]指导教师使用在线答疑功能，同时，便于导师及时了解学生论文进度，提高工作效率，指导教师和学生能够通过Internet实现网上操作，打破了地域和空间的限制。

毕业论文管理系统是一个以毕业论文为核心的信息互动的平台，为身处不同地理位置的师生提供了一个良好的平台。从毕业设计课题的申报，到毕业设计论文提交，再到论文的评审及成绩的给定，最后对毕业设计资料进行归档，这一系列的工作均可在网上实现，实现高效毕业生毕业设计的高效管理。

一、毕业论文管理系统应完成的任务

1.能够实现从毕业论文选题到学生答辩通过的教学任务。由指导教师给定毕业设计题目，教研室主任审核通过后，通过系统平台给学生。参加毕业设计的学生通过异地登录选题系统可以查看毕业设计题目，自己可以根据所学专业特长及自身爱好，选择相应的毕业设计题目。选题成功之后，学生需填写毕业设计任务书，在任务书中需要明确毕业论文设计题目、预计完成时间以及指导教师等信息。接着，学生填写开题报告，对所选设计题目进行研究方向和可行性、国内外研究现状以及研究意义进行阐述和分析。指导教师同意此生开题之后，学生进入设计开发和毕业论文撰写的阶段，在此期间要定时向指导教师汇报设计进度，[3]论文撰写完成之后，将论文提交给自己的指导教师等待审核。若审核通过，则进入答辩环节，答辩完成之后，指导教师及答辩小组老师将成绩输入系统，系统自动生成学生的毕业论文总成绩。最后，会根据论文的专业方向及成绩等级将论文进行分类并存储，以便之后的学生下载、参考，指导教师提交优秀毕业论文。

2.能够实现资料的高效管理、有效利用、快速检索和统计。

3.还应能提供以下服务：、更新、处理公告；相关信息查询；留言、论坛等。

4.对网站进行定期维护，如访问统计、网站日志、权限管理等。[4]

二、毕业论文管理系统的功能应包含以下几个方面

1.对论文进展情况进行监督和管理的功能。指导教师设定时间对学生设计开发和毕业论文撰写进度进行检查，实现论文在线提交开题报告、中期检查和毕业论文审核书，只有通过指导教师审核的学生才能参加答辩。

2.选题的处理功能。原则上按照教师、学生双向选择模式确定学生论文选题工作，根据学生专业情况进行分流选题。根据学生的知识结构，对于大部分同学采用指导教师命题学生选题的方式，即多对多方式进行师生互选题；对于学习成绩突出的同学可以自主命题，学生选择心仪的指导教师进行指导；对于极少数学习成绩较差的同学，指派指导教师督促和指导他们按时完成毕业论文学习任务。

3.论文综合评分的功能。指导教师根据学生实际进展程度和论文水平，在论文答辩之前给自己指导的学生一个初评成绩，答辩小组老师给定成绩的平均值作为答辩成绩。按照教学的管理要求，初评成绩和论文答辩成绩应按照一定比例最终给出论文综合成绩。

4.对论文资料统计的功能。对数据库中的论文资料进行导出导入以及打印操作时，使用水晶报表可以实现动态数据绑定，将需要打印的论文资料数据与水晶报表相连接，提高了打印的效率和质量。

【参考文献】

[1]李浩君，吴皖赣.高校毕业设计过程质量管理系统的设计与实现.中国教育信息化，2011（01）.

[2]周晓辉.基于B/S结构的毕业设计（论文）系统的设计与实现.价值工程，2011（14）.

篇（5）

一、高职生毕业设计（论文）的现状

2004年4月，教育部在《关于加强普通高等学校毕业设计（论文）工作的通知》中指出：“毕业设计（论文）在培养大学生探求真理、强化社会意识，进行科学研究基本训练、提高综合实践能力与素质等方面具有不可替代的作用，是教育与生产劳动和社会实践相结合的重要体现，是培养大学生的创新能力、实践能力和创业精神的重要实践环节。”然而，由于高职毕业设计（论文）管理工作不到位、指导教师的水平不高和责任心不强、学生基础差而且不重视等因素，导致学生毕业设计（论文）内容空洞、东拼西凑、泛泛而谈、剽窃抄袭现象严重。

二、高职毕业设计（论文）存在的突出问题

1.对毕业设计（论文）重视程度不足。主要因为高职毕业生面临的就业压力逐年增大， 再加上大三学生已经走上实习岗位， 学生的主要精力都放在实习工作和寻找工作上， 而这一阶段恰恰又是毕业设计（论文）撰写的关键时期。由于现实中毕业论文质量的好坏对就业并无很大影响， 所以许多学生采取了消极应付的态度， 往往在很短的时间内就完成了毕业论文的撰写，这在相当程度上影响了毕业论文的写作质量。

2.偏离高职培养目标，毕业设计（论文）脱离就业实习。最近几年，根据职业教育与普通教育的差异，在理论和实践上进行了研究和探索，取得了不少重大成果，如高职培养目标的定位、高职的课程观、教学方法等。然而，高职毕业设计（论文）的选题、撰写要求等方面，仍然采用学科本位下的论文标准，强调毕业论文对学生科研能力的训练功能，强调毕业论文的学术性、理论性、创新性。而高职院校在培养学生的过程中，应是以就业为导向组织教学活动，培养具有职业能力的学生。这就要求学生在指导教师的指导下，结合毕业实习，在进行相应的实践操作之后完成毕业设计（论文）任务。

3.学生毕业设计（论文）写作能力缺乏及异地实习等因素，教师指导难以达到理想效果。由于专业课程体系中很少设置有关的课程，学生文献检索能力、阅读文献能力、市场调研能力等毕业论文写作所需能力无法通过有效的途径得到，加上毕业设计（论文）与实习同步，学生异地实习，教师指导工作开展有一定困难。一方面，高职学生相对来讲文化基础较差，逻辑思维能力、语言表达能力都较弱，加上大学期间相关课程的缺乏，让高职生写出有较高水平的毕业设计（论文）确实有些勉为其难。另一方面，老师受指导学生人数多、教学任务重，时间紧等因素影响，致使难以达到预期的指导效果。

三、解决措施

网络环境下的高职毕业设计（论文）指导（以柳州城市职业学院外语与旅游系为例）针对目前高职毕业设计（论文）指导中出现的诸多问题，我院根据精品课程建设标准，建成了具备一定规模的“毕业设计（论文）”专业网站（省略），并自从2009年1月以来一直服务于外语与旅游系“毕业设计（论文）”课程教学。有利于切实、及时、有效地做好毕业设计(论文)各个环节的过程管理，保证了毕业设计(论文)的质量。

具体表现在以下几方面：

1.毕业设计（论文）与毕业实习结合。一方面，毕业设计（论文）与毕业实习在时间上是同步的，将两者结合起来，有效的避免了学生为参加毕业实习而缺少时间和精力做毕业设计（论文）这一矛盾。更重要的一方面是，毕业实习是学生获得毕业设计（论文）第一手资料的有效途径。因此，将毕业实习与毕业设计（论文）两个实践环节并行实施，既可以让学生有侧重地根据个人研究方向及就业需求选择实习单位，通过实习学生基本能够适应相关岗位的需求，解决学生就业问题；又可以在设计过程中同步进行毕业实习，对所设计的内容作进一步检验，使毕业设计（论文）方案不断完善，更趋合理，更具实际意义。如酒店管理专业采取毕业设计（论文）与毕业实习捆绑式管理方法，有利于学生结合实习工作选题，使得毕业设计（论文）更具实用价值，同时也有利于完成毕业设计（论文）写作任务和实习任务。

2.网络课程的应用，有利于资源共享，互助协作

①本网站主要包含以下几个板块：（1）课程内容。包括毕业设计（论文）写作、毕业设计（论文）案例、毕业设计（论文）视频、毕业设计（论文）大纲、毕业设计（论文）教案等。（2）各专业毕业设计（论文）模块：包括毕业设计(论文)实施流程图，提供优秀毕业设计(论文)范文、毕业设计(论文)案例教程、论文写作指导演示文稿等供学生学习。（3）毕业论文工作管理。毕业设计（论文）的档案模板、成绩汇总、选题统计等。（4）论坛。指导老师和学生可以随时登陆论坛发帖，对各种焦点问题发表自己的见解和看法，这种透明化、大众化的方式更有利于问题的快速解决。每一个学生的论文完成进度与过程都会在论坛上详细体现，从选题、开题报告到论文一稿、二稿直至终稿都会提交到网站上，指导教师会在学生提交的帖子上进行回复与指导。

篇（6）

[1] 维尼拉·木沙江，艾尔肯·伊米尔.维吾尔文Unicode在线处理技术与实现[J].新疆大学学报（自然科学版），2004，21（3）：332-334.

[2] TaliSmith.InstalltheSQLServerDriverforPHP[EB/OL].http：//iis.net/learn/application-frameworks/install-and-configure-php-on-iis/install-the-sql-server-driver-for-php.2009-11-15.

[3] 潘凯华，刘中华等编著.PHP从入门到精通[M]（第二版）.北京：清华大学出版社，2010.

[4] 陈军红，王瑞敬.PHP编程从基础到应用[M].北京：清华大学出版社，2014.

[5] 贾志先.维吾尔语口试阅卷系统开发中若干问题的研究[J].智能计算机与应用，2015，5（4）：30-32.

php毕业论文参考文献：

[1]杨长春，王叶荟。基于PHP的新闻系统[J].江苏工业学院学报，2003，（04）。

[2]王志明，基于LAMP的本科毕业论文管理系统的设计[J]，电脑知识与技术，2008，（25）。

[3]程楠，基于PHP的医学动态信息网站设计[J]，河南职工医学院学报，2007，（04）。

[4]伍孝金，基于PHP的新闻系统的研究与实现[J]，计算机应用与软件，2006，（10）。

[5]周启海，刘云强，基于PHP、MYSQL、Apache的人事管理系统的设计与实现[J]，计算机时代，2004，（08）。

[6]赵鹤芹，设计动态网站的最佳方案：Apache+PHP+MySQL[J]，计算机工程与设计，2007，（04）。

php毕业论文参考文献：

[1]杨根来.网上祭扫与丧失改革[J].社会福利，2005（1）.

[2]WellingL，ThomsonL.PHPandMySQLWebDevelopment，4thEdition[M].Boston：Addison-Wesley，2008.

[3]方晨.Dreamweaver/PHP/MySQL动态网站建设实务[M].上海：上海科学普及出版社，2006.

[4]于永军.PHP+MySQL完全学习手册[M].北京：清华大学出版社，2008.

[5]孙文江.PHP应用程序开发教程[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社，2013.

[6]仲林林.PHP+MySQL开发技术详解[M].北京：中国铁道出版社，2013.

[7]陈军.PHP+MySQL经典案例剖析[M].北京：清华大学出版社，2008.

篇（7）

昔日的“咔哒咔哒”声已经大为较少。看到这里，你肯定要问，难道“无缝线路”就不存在热胀的问题吗？物质不灭定律告诉我们，任何一种物质都不会消失，只不过从一种形式转化为另一种形式。钢轨的温度力也同样如此，它不可能消失，是人们在铁路线上采用强大的线路阻力来锁定轨道，限制了钢轨的自由伸缩。在我国是采用高强螺栓、扣板式扣件或弹条扣件等对钢轨进行约束。实验表明，直径24mm的高强螺栓，六孔夹板接头可提供40至60吨的纵向阻力。弹条扣件每根轨枕可提供1.6吨的纵向阻力。由于无缝线路中钢．给你个网址，你看看有没有你需要的参考资料：请教各位毕业论文的结尾的怎么写我马上大学毕业请教一下怎么写毕业论文?你好，我是学国贸的，想请教一下毕业论文和开题报告怎么写，可以指点一.请教企业科技人才建设的毕业论文怎么写，写过的指导一下，谢谢我想写一份无砟轨道应力放散的论文，可不知道从何．

毕业论文怎么写

篇（8）

为让客户放心，也为保证论文质量，一般我网站操作流程如下：1、客户将的相关申请要求发到网站信箱或提交给网站客服；2、网站客服收到申请后，发给作者一份详细的申请表格；3、客户在申请表格里面详细填写所需的各种要求，一般包括题目范围（是否自拟）、专业论文类型（专、本、硕、博）、字数限制、时间周期、论文的详细要求（这个方面就比较广，比如文字复制比要求、是否建立模型、是否搭建系统平台等）；4、网站客服收到客户的申请表格后，联系该专业或相关专业老师，确定能否按照客户的要求；5、人员确定后，网站工作人员会在人员与客户之间起桥梁作用，反复追踪客户的实时要求（一般是客户老师提出的修改意见），直至服务完满结束。

篇（9）

同时我还要感谢在我学习期间给我极大关心和支持的各位老师以及关心我的同学和朋友。

写作毕业论文是一次再系统学习的过程，毕业论文的完成，同样也意味着新的学习生活的开始。

----------------------------

感谢冯·诺依曼先生。是他整出了世界上的第一台计算机，才使得我们这些后人鸟枪换炮，由“剪刀加糨糊”的“学术土匪”晋级为“鼠标加剪贴板”的“学术海盗”。计算机，将我们从枯燥的书本中解救了出来，我们无须再在图书馆里东寻西觅，只要一敲键盘，我们就能方便快捷地搞定所需的一切。计算机，是我们写论文的制胜法宝，是我们写论文的大功臣。因此，他是我所应感谢的第一人。

感谢比尔·盖茨先生。他以大无畏的革命主义精神、英雄主义精神和牺牲主义精神毅然从哈佛辍学。他发明了windows操作系统，创立了微软公司，不遗余力地推动计算机事业的发展，将人类的历史推进到了信息时代，将我们的地球变成了一个小小的村落。在信息的高速路上我们畅通无阻，正是借助了网络我们才得以找到了丰富详实的论文、资料。可以说，比尔·盖茨先生以他的辍学换来了我们数以千万计中国大学生的毕业。

感谢百度和Google公司。他们的搜索功能强大、快捷又免费。在这里，我敢说，我们每一位写论文的同学，没有一位不曾借助过它们。那些日子，我们启动电脑后打开的第一个网页一定是它们中的一个。是它们让我们很方便地搜索到了我们所需要的“论文材料”，国内的、国外的，中文的、外文的。正是靠着这些“论文材料”，我们才得以顺利完成我们的“百衲衣”论文。更感谢Google公司增设了翻译功能，它的翻译不仅正确率高而且功能强大，一次便可翻译一整篇论文。我们的外文文献，全赖于此。

感谢那些免费的站。虽说这些网站都是些不起眼的小网站，可正是它们无偿地向我们提供了大量的论文蓝本，保证了贫穷的我们也能得到所需要的论文。这可以说是一种“想人之所想，急人之所急”的人道主义精神。在这里，我殷切地呼吁那些收费的站，能够向它们学习，端正服务态度，放下架子解放思想，变收费为免费，更好的为人民服务。

感谢我的导师。他放下神圣的师道尊严，以朋友的身份告诉我怎样完成这篇论文。他告诉我如何搜集资料；他告诉我如何快捷地找到相关论文；他告诉我哪个学校的网站有本专业的硕士、博士论文；他指导我如何利用手头上的论文取舍嫁接整合。本论文的完成，离不开他的悉心指导和孜孜不倦地教诲。

感谢负责答辩的老师。在我也不明白所写为何物的情况下，他们只问了我两个问题——都知道写的是什么吗？知道；参考文献都看了么？看了——后便让我通过了答辩。他们是如此和蔼可亲，他们是如此善解人意，他们是如此伟大而平易近人。

感谢那些与我朝夕相处了四年的同学。这些日子，他们和我一块努力奋斗共进共退，相互鼓励相互扶持，你帮我找我帮你找，互通有无，及时沟通，以免出现论文撞车事件。我们是如此的团结友爱，从未出现过“五十步笑百步”的现象，我们总是相互开导着：天下文章一大抄，不抄白不抄，抄了也白抄，白抄谁不抄？不抄大傻冒!正是在这样的相互激励下，我那抄公的羞耻感也便见了上帝，而我的论文也得以完成并顺利通过。

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篇（10）

二、参加实习班级、人数及实习形式

（一）实习班级及人数：D04营销1、2班，共计76人。

（二）实习形式：系部集中统一实习与学生自己联系单位分散实习相结合。

1、推荐实习就业

由学院、系部统一联系实习单位，原则上实习与就业紧密结合，对于不服从分配的毕业生，不再参与第二次分配，学生必须自行寻找实习单位。

目前的实习单位有：

xx集团等。

带队教师：

2、自找单位，自行实习。

由学生自行联系单位，自愿组成实习小组，进行与市场营销、电子商务、物流管理等有关的实习活动。

具体指导教师：

三、市场营销专业实习工作领导小组

组长：

组员：

实习小组的任务是：

（一）帮助联系或落实实习单位，安排学生实习；

（二）检查实习进度，反馈实习意见，帮助解决学生实习中存在的问题；

（三）联系实习指导老师及有关事项；

（四）考核学生实习成果。

四、市场营销专业毕业实习时间及进程安排

系部实习就业动员大会定在20XX年1月9日下午14：00—15：00，地点6306教室。实习分为二个阶段，即毕业实习阶段和毕业论文撰写、答辩阶段。每一阶段的实习内容和主要目标如下：

（一）毕业实习阶段（20XX年2月10日至20XX年4月10日）：所有学生均到企业生产、经营、管理岗位上进行实岗操作。具体实习单位原则上由学生根据本人实际情况、并结合日后工作意向自行确定。自行安排实习单位的学生须在2月20日前把实习单位接受函交与辅导员；没有联系到实习单位者，与辅导员联系，由系部协调安排。

1、实习要求：

通过实习使学生深入理解和掌握已学习过的市场营销基本理论，基本方法和基本技能；进一步缩小理论教学与企业营销实践的差距，为以后学生很快走向社会，适应社会，成为优秀的营销管理人才打下基础。

2、实习内容：

（1）在实习指导教师和所在实习单位有关管理人员的指导下，深入到企业营销活动的有关部门与科室的具体业务中去，进行实岗操作，尽快适应相关岗位要求和熟悉岗位技能。

（2）实习期间撰写实习报告，字数不少于XX字。

（3）结合工商系网站给出的论文参考题目、也可自行设计初步确定自己的毕业论文选题。

3、实习报告格式要求：

（1）封面：论文题目（字体3号）、系别、班级、姓名、学号。字体为：黑体、四号。

（2）正文：仿宋、小四号。

（3）纸张：A4。用微机打印。

（4）实习报告中须有实习单位对毕业生的实习鉴定（实习单位盖章），指导教师对实习报告写出评语，并根据实习情况评定成绩。

（5）实习报告不少于2千字，上交一式三份。

（二）毕业论文写作、答辩阶段（20XX年4月10日至20XX年5月26日）：

1、毕业论文写作目的

毕业论文是高等教育完成学业的最后一个环节，它是学生的总结性独立作业。撰写毕业论文的目的是：

（1）有利于教学过程的完整性；

（2）检验学生专科阶段基础理论和专业知识的掌握情况；

（3）对学生科研能力的综合训练和全面检验

3、毕业论文要求

（1）学生在实习过程中搜集、整理毕业论文题目的相关资料，拟订毕业论文的提纲，撰写毕业论文。

（2）毕业论文结构布局的基本格式由标题、中文摘要、正文、参考文献等四个方面内容构成（具体参见工商系网站上的论文指导书）。

（3）在论文的撰写方面，要运用所学到的基本理论，对实际问题作具体的分析，把观点和材料密切结合起来，力求做到：观点明确，材料可靠，分析透彻，论证有利，结论科学。论文不少于3千字。

（4）学生在教师指导下独立完成毕业论文，要严肃认真，实事求是。凡毕业论文的书面主要内容为抄袭，或弄虚作假，伪造数据者，成绩以不及格论处。

4、毕业论文选题。各位同学请参考以下论文题目作为你的毕业论文选题，也可以在指导老师的指导下，选择与本专业相关的其他题目。毕业论文的参考选题见附表一。

五、实习成绩考核